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Scottish Highers Key Facts Across Subjects

25 flashcards with key definitions and facts from Higher Biology, Chemistry, Modern Studies and English. Original study material for practice.

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Higher Biology: ATP
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1
Higher Biology: ATP
The energy currency of the cell; energy is released when ATP is broken down to ADP and phosphate.
2
Higher Biology: glycolysis
Breaks glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm with a net gain of 2 ATP.
3
Higher Biology: fermentation in muscle
Pyruvate is converted to lactate so NAD is regenerated for glycolysis.
4
Higher Biology: PCR first stage
Heating to about 95 degrees Celsius breaks hydrogen bonds so the DNA becomes single-stranded.
5
Higher Biology: pluripotent cell
Can differentiate into almost any cell type, such as an embryonic stem cell.
6
Higher Biology: exons and introns
Exons are expressed; introns are spliced out of the primary transcript.
7
Higher Biology: stabilising selection
Intermediate phenotypes are favoured and the extremes are selected against.
8
Higher Biology: monoclonal antibody
Antibodies from identical cloned B cells, all binding the same antigen.
9
Higher Chemistry: catalyst
Speeds up a reaction by giving a lower-activation-energy pathway and is not used up.
10
Higher Chemistry: moles
Moles = mass divided by gram formula mass.
11
Higher Chemistry: pH
pH = -log of the hydrogen ion concentration.
12
Higher Chemistry: alkane formula
CnH2n+2.
13
Higher Chemistry: bromine water test
Alkenes decolourise bromine water; alkanes do not.
14
Higher Chemistry: oxidation
Loss of electrons (OIL RIG); it occurs at the anode.
15
Higher Chemistry: equilibrium
Forward and reverse rates are equal and concentrations stay constant.
16
Higher Chemistry: exothermic reaction
Releases energy to the surroundings, so the temperature rises.
17
Higher Modern Studies: additional member system
Voters have a constituency vote and a regional list vote, giving a more proportional result.
18
Higher Modern Studies: reserved matters
Powers kept at Westminster, such as defence and foreign affairs.
19
Higher Modern Studies: minority government
A government without a majority of seats that relies on other parties.
20
Higher Modern Studies: Gini coefficient
Measures income inequality: 0 is perfect equality and 1 is perfect inequality.
21
Higher Modern Studies: UN Security Council
Five permanent members with a veto; it maintains international peace and security.
22
Higher Modern Studies: means-tested benefit
Paid according to income and savings, such as Universal Credit.
23
Higher English: metaphor
Describes one thing as another without using 'like' or 'as'.
24
Higher English: connotation
The feelings or ideas a word suggests beyond its literal meaning.
25
Higher English: topic sentence
States the main point of a paragraph, which is then supported with evidence.

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