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Biology 30: Key Terms and Processes

Thirty-two cards with the key terms, processes and equations from the Biology 30 course units.

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Resting potential of a neuron
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1
Resting potential of a neuron
About -70 mV, inside negative.
2
Action potential: depolarisation and repolarisation
Sodium ions rush in (depolarisation); potassium ions leave (repolarisation).
3
Saltatory conduction
The impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier on a myelinated axon, which is faster.
4
Synapse
Calcium entry causes vesicles to release neurotransmitter, which binds to receptors on the next cell.
5
Reflex arc
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron in the spinal cord, motor neuron, effector.
6
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic: fight or flight. Parasympathetic: rest and digest.
7
Hypothalamus
Regulates temperature, thirst and hunger; controls the pituitary.
8
Insulin and glucagon
Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it.
9
ADH
Released by the posterior pituitary; increases water reabsorption in the kidney.
10
Negative feedback
The response reduces the original change and keeps conditions stable.
11
Positive feedback in reproduction
Oxytocin strengthens contractions during labour until birth.
12
Menstrual cycle hormones
FSH grows the follicle; an LH surge triggers ovulation; progesterone maintains the lining.
13
hCG
Secreted by the embryo to keep the corpus luteum making progesterone.
14
Fertilisation and implantation
Fertilisation in the oviduct; the blastocyst implants in the uterus about a week later.
15
Germ layers
Ectoderm: skin and nervous system. Mesoderm: muscle and bone. Endoderm: gut lining.
16
Placenta
Exchanges nutrients, oxygen and wastes; the blood of mother and fetus does not mix.
17
DNA base pairing
A with T (two hydrogen bonds); G with C (three hydrogen bonds).
18
DNA replication enzymes
Helicase unwinds; DNA polymerase adds nucleotides; ligase joins fragments.
19
Transcription and translation
Transcription makes mRNA from DNA; translation builds a polypeptide at the ribosome.
20
Codons and anticodons
mRNA codons are read by complementary tRNA anticodons.
21
Types of point mutation
Silent: no change. Missense: one amino acid changes. Nonsense: stop codon appears.
22
Frameshift mutation
An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.
23
Monohybrid cross
Tt x Tt gives 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
24
Dihybrid cross
AaBb x AaBb gives 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
25
X-linked recessive inheritance
Affects males more often; a carrier mother passes the allele to half her sons.
26
PCR
Amplifies a DNA segment using heat-stable polymerase.
27
Gel electrophoresis
Separates DNA fragments by size; smaller fragments move farther.
28
CRISPR-Cas9
RNA-guided enzyme that edits a chosen DNA sequence.
29
J-shaped and S-shaped growth
J: exponential growth without limits. S: logistic growth that levels off at carrying capacity.
30
Density-dependent factors
Competition, predation, disease and parasitism: effects increase with density.
31
Symbiosis
Mutualism (+/+), commensalism (+/0), parasitism (+/-).
32
Hardy-Weinberg
p + q = 1; genotype frequencies p², 2pq and q².

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