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AP Key Facts: Biology, US History, Psychology, Chemistry and Statistics

25 flashcards on the facts and formulas most often needed in AP Biology, AP US History, AP Psychology, AP Chemistry and AP Statistics. Study material written for practice, not the official exam.

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AP Biology: where is the electron transport chain?
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1
AP Biology: where is the electron transport chain?
On the inner mitochondrial membrane; ATP synthase uses the proton gradient.
2
AP Biology: S phase
The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated.
3
AP Biology: sources of variation in meiosis
Crossing over (prophase I) and independent assortment.
4
AP Biology: dihybrid cross AaBb x AaBb
Phenotype ratio 9:3:3:1.
5
AP Biology: Hardy-Weinberg
p + q = 1 and p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1; 2pq is the heterozygote frequency.
6
AP Biology: light reactions and Calvin cycle
Light reactions (thylakoid): ATP, NADPH, O2. Calvin cycle (stroma): rubisco fixes CO2.
7
AP Biology: trophic energy transfer
About 10 percent of energy passes to the next level.
8
AP Biology: lac operon
Allolactose binds the repressor, so the operator is free and the genes are transcribed.
9
AP US History: Articles of Confederation weakness
No power to tax or regulate trade between states.
10
AP US History: Great Compromise
Senate: equal votes. House: seats by population.
11
AP US History: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Implied powers of Congress; federal law is supreme over states.
12
AP US History: Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Popular sovereignty on slavery; it repealed the Missouri Compromise line.
13
AP US History: Reconstruction goals
Reunite the nation and define the rights of formerly enslaved people.
14
AP US History: Progressive Era
Reform of the problems of industrialization and urbanization, 1890 to 1920.
15
AP US History: containment
Stopping the spread of communism to new countries during the Cold War.
16
AP Psychology: classical versus operant conditioning
Classical links two stimuli (Pavlov). Operant shapes behavior with consequences (Skinner).
17
AP Psychology: hippocampus
Forms new explicit memories; damage causes anterograde amnesia.
18
AP Psychology: correlation versus causation
Only an experiment with random assignment can show cause and effect.
19
AP Chemistry: Kc expression
Products over reactants, each raised to its coefficient; solids and liquids are left out.
20
AP Chemistry: pH of a buffer
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]); at half-equivalence pH = pKa.
21
AP Chemistry: Gibbs free energy
Delta G = delta H - T delta S; negative means spontaneous.
22
AP Chemistry: cell potential
E cell = E cathode - E anode (standard reduction potentials).
23
AP Statistics: empirical rule
About 68, 95 and 99.7 percent of values lie within 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations of the mean.
24
AP Statistics: Type I and Type II errors
Type I: reject a true null. Type II: fail to reject a false null.
25
AP Statistics: reading a confidence interval
The method captures the true parameter in about the stated percent of samples.

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