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CBSE Class 10 Science and Mathematics Core Revision

Essential revision flashcards covering optics, electricity, genetics, chemical equations, coordinate geometry, and trigonometry for CBSE Class 10.

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Mirror Formula and Magnification (Spherical Mirrors)
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1
Mirror Formula and Magnification (Spherical Mirrors)
1/f = 1/v + 1/u; Linear magnification m = h'/h = -v/u, where u is object distance, v is image distance, and f is focal length.
2
Lens Formula and Magnification (Spherical Lenses)
1/f = 1/v - 1/u; Linear magnification m = h'/h = +v/u.
3
Snell's Law of Refraction
sin(i) / sin(r) = constant = n_21 (refractive index of medium 2 relative to medium 1), where i is angle of incidence and r is angle of refraction.
4
Power of a Lens and Dioptre Definition
P = 1 / f (in metres); Unit is dioptre (D). 1 dioptre is the power of a lens having focal length 1 metre.
5
Ohm's Law and Electrical Resistance
V = I R at constant temperature; Resistance R = rho (l / A), where rho is electrical resistivity, l is wire length, and A is cross-sectional area.
6
Resistors in Series vs Resistors in Parallel
Series: R_eq = R1 + R2 + R3; Parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.
7
Joule's Law of Heating and Electric Power
Heat H = I^2 R t; Electric power P = V I = I^2 R = V^2 / R; Commercial unit: 1 kWh = 3.6 * 10^6 J.
8
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule vs Fleming's Right-Hand Rule
Left-hand (Electric Motor): Thumb = Force/Motion, Forefinger = Magnetic Field (B), Middle finger = Current (I). Right-hand (Generator): Middle finger = Induced Current.
9
Right-Hand Thumb Rule
If a current-carrying straight wire is held with thumb pointing along current, curled fingers give direction of circular magnetic field lines.
10
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration Pathways in Cells
Glucose (6C) -> Pyruvate (3C in cytoplasm). Aerobic (mitochondria): 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP. Anaerobic (yeast): Ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP. Anaerobic (muscle cramp): Lactic acid + 2 ATP.
11
Nephron Structure and Urine Formation Steps
Functional unit of kidney: Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, renal tubule. 3 steps: 1) Ultrafiltration, 2) Selective reabsorption (glucose, amino acids, salts, water), 3) Tubular secretion.
12
Major Plant Hormones and Primary Functions
Auxin (cell elongation and phototropism), Gibberellin (stem elongation), Cytokinin (rapid cell division), Abscisic acid (stress hormone, stomatal closure, wilting).
13
Mendel's Monohybrid Cross Ratios (F2 Generation)
Phenotypic ratio = 3 : 1 (Tall : Dwarf); Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 1 (TT : Tt : tt).
14
Ten Percent Law of Energy Transfer (Lindeman)
Only 10% of energy entering a trophic level is transferred to the next higher level; remaining 90% is lost as metabolic heat and respiration.
15
Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + Sunlight + Chlorophyll -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O.
16
Thermite Reaction Equation and Application
Fe2O3 + 2Al -> 2Fe(liquid) + Al2O3 + High Heat; used for thermite welding of broken railway tracks.
17
Saponification Reaction Equation
Ester + Aqueous NaOH -> Carboxylate salt of fatty acid (Soap) + Alcohol (Glycerol/Ethanol); e.g., CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH -> CH3COONa + C2H5OH.
18
Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry (Class 10)
Alcohol (-OH), Aldehyde (-CHO), Ketone (>C=O), Carboxylic acid (-COOH), Halogen (-Cl, -Br).
19
Distance Formula and Midpoint Formula in Coordinate Geometry
Distance d = sqrt((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2); Midpoint M = ((x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2).
20
Standard Values of Trigonometric Ratios (30, 45, 60 degrees)
sin: (1/2, 1/sqrt(2), sqrt(3)/2); cos: (sqrt(3)/2, 1/sqrt(2), 1/2); tan: (1/sqrt(3), 1, sqrt(3)).
21
Area of Sector and Length of Arc of a Circle
Sector Area = (theta / 360) pi r^2; Arc Length = (theta / 360) 2 pi * r, where theta is sector angle in degrees.
22
Total Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere and Hemisphere
Sphere: TSA = 4 pi r^2, Vol = 4/3 pi r^3; Hemisphere: CSA = 2 pi r^2, TSA = 3 pi r^2, Vol = 2/3 pi r^3.
23
Mean by Direct Method, Assumed Mean, and Step Deviation
Direct: x_bar = sum(fi xi) / sum(fi); Assumed Mean: x_bar = a + sum(fi di) / sum(fi); Step-deviation: x_bar = a + h sum(fi ui) / sum(fi).
24
Median Formula for Grouped Data
Median = l + [(N/2 - cf) / f] * h, where l is lower limit of median class, cf is cumulative frequency of preceding class, f is class frequency, and h is class width.
25
Mode Formula for Grouped Data
Mode = l + [(f1 - f0) / (2f1 - f0 - f2)] h, where f1 is modal class frequency, f0 is preceding class frequency, and f2 is succeeding class frequency.
26
Probability of an Event and Complementary Event
P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes / Total possible outcomes; 0 <= P(E) <= 1; P(E) + P(not E) = 1.

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