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25 cardsENLA Secondary Practice (Peru)

Secondary Key Rules

Formulas and rules for secondary-level mathematics and science, with one idea on each card. Practice material written for study, not the official evaluation.

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Area of a circle

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ENLA Secondary Practice (Peru) mock tests →

Area of a circle

A = π r^{2}

, where

r

is the radius.

Circumference of a circle

C = 2 π r

Pythagorean theorem

In a right triangle,

a^{2} + b^{2} = c^{2}

, where

c

is the hypotenuse.

Perimeter of a rectangle

P = 2 (l + w)

Volume of a cuboid

V = l \times w \times h

; 1000 cm

^{3}

equals 1 litre.

Percentage change

(New value - old value) / old value, multiplied by 100.

Simple interest

I = P \times r \times t

with

P

the capital,

r

the yearly rate and

t

the years.

Mean, median, mode

Mean: total divided by the count. Median: middle value of the ordered data. Mode: most frequent value.

Probability of an event

Favourable outcomes divided by total equally likely outcomes.

Probability without replacement

Multiply the chances, reducing the total (and favourable count) after each draw.

Direct and inverse proportion

Direct: both quantities rise together. Inverse: one rises as the other falls and their product stays constant.

Average speed

Total distance divided by total time, not the mean of the speeds.

Quadratic by factoring

Find two numbers with product

c

and sum

b

for

x^{2} + b x + c = 0

Nth term of an arithmetic sequence

a_{n} = a_{1} + (n - 1) d

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water, using light energy, makes glucose + oxygen.

Dominant and recessive alleles

A dominant allele shows in the phenotype if present; a recessive allele shows only with two copies.

Producer, consumer, decomposer

Producers make food, consumers eat other organisms, decomposers break down dead material.

Density

Density = mass / volume. An object denser than water sinks in it.

Newton's second law

F = ma

: resultant force equals mass times acceleration.

Ohm's law

V = I R

; resistances add in series.

Kinetic energy

K E = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}

Electrical energy

Energy in kWh = power in kW x time in hours.

Three ways heat travels

Conduction through solids, convection in fluids, radiation by waves that need no medium.

Law of reflection

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, both measured from the normal.

Fair test

Change one independent variable, measure the dependent variable and keep all other variables the same.

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