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GAMSAT Science Key Facts

Twenty-five flashcards of formulas and core ideas in biology, chemistry and physics for graduate medical school entry reasoning practice.

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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
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1
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
2
Ideal gas law
PV = nRT, with R = 0.0821 L atm per mol per K or 8.314 J per mol per K
3
Ohm's law
V = IR: potential difference equals current times resistance
4
Resistors in parallel
1/R(total) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...; the total is smaller than the smallest resistor
5
Kinetic energy
KE = (1/2) m v squared, in joules when mass is in kg and speed in m/s
6
Wave equation
v = f x wavelength
7
Thin lens equation
1/f = 1/u + 1/v (real-is-positive convention); a converging lens has positive f
8
Heat needed to warm a substance
Q = m c delta T
9
Hardy-Weinberg equations
p + q = 1 and p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1 for a population in equilibrium
10
Competitive inhibition
Vmax is unchanged and the apparent Km increases
11
Where oxidative phosphorylation occurs
On the inner mitochondrial membrane (electron transport chain and ATP synthase)
12
Fate of pyruvate without oxygen in muscle
It is reduced to lactate, which regenerates NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
13
Stage of meiosis with crossing over
Prophase I
14
Why the lagging strand is made in fragments
DNA polymerase extends only 5' to 3', so the strand is built in Okazaki fragments joined by ligase
15
Recombination frequency and map distance
1 map unit corresponds to 1 percent recombinant offspring
16
Cause of action potential depolarisation
Sodium ions enter through voltage-gated sodium channels
17
Gibbs free energy
delta G = delta H - T delta S; a reaction is spontaneous when delta G is negative
18
Le Chatelier's principle
A system at equilibrium shifts to oppose an imposed change in concentration, pressure or temperature
19
Half-life after n half-lives
Amount remaining = initial amount x (1/2) to the power n
20
Anode in any electrochemical cell
The electrode where oxidation occurs
21
Order of acidity of common organic compounds
Carboxylic acids are stronger than phenols, which are stronger than alcohols
22
SN1 versus SN2 substrates
Tertiary halides favour SN1 (stable carbocation); methyl and primary halides favour SN2
23
Peptide bond
Amide link between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next, formed with loss of water
24
Limiting reagent
The reactant that runs out first; find moles of each, compare with the equation ratio
25
Pharmacology steady state with first-order elimination
Accumulation continues until the amount lost in each dosing interval equals the dose

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