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Human Anatomy and Physiology Essentials

Flashcards covering human organ systems, cellular biochemistry, hematology, and regulatory physiology.

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Largest Internal Organ in the Human Body
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1
Largest Internal Organ in the Human Body
The Liver, weighing about 1.5 kg and performing over 500 vital metabolic, detoxifying, and secretory tasks.
2
Smallest Bone in the Human Body
The Stapes (stirrup) in the middle ear, measuring approximately 3 mm in length.
3
Longest and Strongest Bone in Human Body
The Femur (thigh bone), adapted for weight-bearing and bipedal locomotion.
4
Universal Blood Donor (RBCs)
Type O-negative (O-), lacking A, B, and Rh (D) surface agglutinogens.
5
Universal Blood Recipient (RBCs)
Type AB-positive (AB+), possessing A, B, and Rh surface agglutinogens and lacking ABO/Rh antibodies.
6
Primary Function of Hemoglobin
An iron-containing tetrameric protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds and transports oxygen.
7
Natural Pacemaker of the Heart
The Sinoatrial (SA) Node, located in the posterosuperior wall of the right atrium.
8
Functional Filtration Unit of the Kidney
The Nephron, comprising the glomerulus, Bowman capsule, and tubular system (~1 million per kidney).
9
Master Endocrine Gland
The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis), situated in the sella turcica and regulated by the hypothalamus.
10
Major Digestive Enzyme for Protein in the Stomach
Pepsin, activated from pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid (HCl) at acidic pH (1.5-2.0).
11
Insulin-Producing Cells in the Pancreas
Beta cells located within the Islets of Langerhans.
12
Primary Site of Nutrient Absorption
The Small Intestine, specifically the jejunum and ileum, augmented by villi and microvilli.
13
Largest Part of the Human Brain
The Cerebrum, divided into two cerebral hemispheres controlling sensory, motor, and higher cognitive functions.
14
Brain Region Responsible for Balance and Motor Coordination
The Cerebellum, located inferior to the occipital lobes.
15
Nerve Connecting the Eye to the Brain
The Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II), carrying visual action potentials to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
16
Blood Vessel Transporting Deoxygenated Blood to Lungs
The Pulmonary Artery, arising from the right ventricle.
17
Blood Vessel Carrying Oxygenated Blood from Lungs to Heart
The Pulmonary Veins (four in total), draining into the left atrium.
18
Normal Resting Adult Blood Pressure Baseline
Approximately 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic pressure measured in brachial artery).
19
Primary Structural Protein in Connective Tissues
Collagen, representing roughly 25-35% of total whole-body protein content.
20
Powerhouse of the Eukaryotic Cell
The Mitochondrion, generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
21
Number of Bones in an Adult Human Skeleton
206 bones (axial skeleton: 80, appendicular skeleton: 126).
22
Gas Transported Principally as Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-)
Carbon dioxide (CO2), converted by carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes.

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