52 cardsMatura (Reifeprüfung Austria)
Key Dates in the History of Austria
Flashcards reviewing key dates, treaties, constitutional milestones, and historical figures in Austrian history.
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1
996
First written mention of the name Ostarrichi, the early form of Austria.
2
1278
Battle on the Marchfeld: Rudolf I of Habsburg defeats Ottokar II of Bohemia. The Habsburgs receive Austria and Styria in 1282.
3
1529 and 1683
The first and second Ottoman sieges of Vienna. The second ends at the Kahlenberg.
4
1713
Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI: the Habsburg lands are indivisible and can pass to a daughter.
5
1740 to 1780
Reign of Maria Theresa. In 1774 she introduces general compulsory schooling.
6
1780 to 1790
Reign of Joseph II. In 1781 he issues the Toleration Patent and abolishes personal serfdom.
7
1804 and 1806
Francis II becomes Emperor of Austria (1804) and ends the Holy Roman Empire (1806).
8
1814 to 1815
Congress of Vienna, led by Metternich, reorders Europe after Napoleon.
9
1848
Revolution in Vienna. Metternich falls and Franz Joseph I becomes emperor.
10
1867
The Compromise (Ausgleich) creates the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
11
28 June 1914
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, the start of the First World War.
12
12 November 1918
Proclamation of the Republic after the end of the monarchy.
13
1919
Treaty of Saint-Germain: borders of the Republic, and a ban on union with Germany.
14
1 October 1920
Federal Constitution (Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz), drafted with the help of Hans Kelsen.
15
February 1934
Civil war and ban of the Social Democrats under Chancellor Dollfuss.
16
12 March 1938
Anschluss: annexation of Austria by National Socialist Germany.
17
1945 to 1955
Four-power occupation by the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France.
18
15 May 1955
Austrian State Treaty signed in the Belvedere in Vienna.
19
26 October 1955
Neutrality law passed. This day is the Austrian National Day.
20
1970 to 1983
Bruno Kreisky is Federal Chancellor.
21
1995
Austria joins the European Union on 1 January.
22
2002
Euro coins and banknotes enter everyday use.
23
Allgemeine Schulordnung
School regulation of 1774 that began general compulsory schooling.
24
Hans Kelsen
Legal scholar who drafted the Federal Constitution of 1920.
25
Karl Renner
First Chancellor of the Republic in 1918 and first President after 1945.
26
Leopold Figl
Chancellor after 1945 and foreign minister who signed the State Treaty in 1955.
27
1156: Privilegium Minus
Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa elevates Austria from a margraviate to an independent hereditary duchy under Duke Henry II Jasomirgott (Babenberg).
28
1282: Habsburg enfeoffment of Austria
King Rudolf I of Habsburg grants the duchies of Austria and Styria to his sons Albert and Rudolf, establishing more than six centuries of Habsburg rule.
29
1358/1359: Privilegium Maius
Forged document created by Duke Rudolf IV ('the Founder') claiming the title of Archduke for Austrian rulers and equal status with imperial electors; officially recognized in 1453.
30
1365: Foundation of the University of Vienna
Duke Rudolf IV founds the Alma Mater Rudolphina Vindobonensis (University of Vienna), the oldest university in the contemporary German-speaking world.
31
1493 to 1519: Reign of Maximilian I
'The Last Knight' establishes the global Habsburg empire through dynastic marriages ('Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria nube'), acquiring Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, and Hungary.
32
1648: Peace of Westphalia and Austria
Ends the Thirty Years' War; consolidates autonomous Habsburg dynastic power in the Austrian hereditary crown lands and the Kingdom of Hungary.
33
1697 and 1717: Victories of Prince Eugene of Savoy
Decisive military triumphs over the Ottoman Empire at Zenta (1697) and Belgrade (1717), expanding Habsburg territorial hegemony across south-eastern Central Europe.
34
1740 to 1748: War of the Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa defends the Pragmatic Sanction and her inherited domains against Frederick II of Prussia and France, concluding with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (loss of Silesia).
35
1774: General School Ordinance (Allgemeine Schulordnung)
Maria Theresa enacts universal compulsory elementary schooling (Schulpflicht) across Austrian crown lands, laying the foundation for modern state education.
36
1781: Toleration Patent of Joseph II
Grants religious freedom and civil rights to Protestants (Lutheran and Reformed) and Greek Orthodox subjects in the Habsburg monarchy, followed by the Edict of Tolerance for Jews.
37
1809: Battle of Aspern-Essling and Tyrolean Uprising
Archduke Charles inflicts Napoleon's first major battlefield defeat at Aspern; Andreas Hofer leads the peasant uprising against Bavarian and French occupation in Tyrol.
38
1815 to 1848: The Biedermeier and Vormärz era
Conservative political restoration under Chancellor Klemens von Metternich marked by strict press censorship, the secret police, and bourgeois domestic cultural retreat.
39
1857: Demolition of Vienna's City Walls and the Ringstraße
Emperor Franz Joseph I decrees the dismantling of the medieval fortifications, inaugurating the construction of the monumental historicist Vienna Ringstraße boulevard.
40
1866: Battle of Königgrätz (Sadowa)
Prussia decisively defeats the Austrian army, dissolving the German Confederation and permanently excluding Austria from a united Germany ('Lesser German solution').
41
1867: Fundamental Law on the General Rights of Citizens (StGG)
Enacted as part of the December Constitution; establishes fundamental liberal civil liberties, equality before the law, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly.
42
1919 to 1934: Red Vienna (Rotes Wien)
Social Democratic municipal administration in Vienna implements progressive housing programs (e.g. Karl-Marx-Hof), public health, municipal childcare, and welfare reforms.
43
October 1920: Federal Constitutional Law (B-VG)
Hans Kelsen drafts the Austrian Federal Constitution, establishing a democratic, federal republic with parliamentary government and a Constitutional Court (VfGH).
44
February 1934: Austrian Civil War (Februarkämpfe)
Violent armed clashes between the Republican Schutzbund and government forces/Heimwehr lead to the banning of the Social Democratic party and establishment of the Austro-fascist corporate state (Ständestaat).
45
25 July 1934: July Putsch and murder of Dollfuss
National Socialists attempt an armed coup in Vienna and murder Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss; Kurt Schuschnigg succeeds him as chancellor.
46
12 March 1938: Anschluss of Austria
German Wehrmacht troops invade and annex Austria into the Third Reich; Austria is dismantled and officially designated as the 'Ostmark' and later 'Alpen- und Donau-Reichsgaue'.
47
1943: Moscow Declaration on Austria
Allied foreign ministers (UK, US, USSR) declare the German annexation of Austria null and void, recognizing Austria as the first victim of Nazi aggression while affirming co-responsibility.
48
27 April 1945: Austrian Declaration of Independence
Provisional State Government headed by Karl Renner proclaims the re-establishment of the independent Republic of Austria and the invalidity of the 1938 Anschluss.
49
1945 to 1955: Four-Power Allied Occupation
Austria and the city of Vienna are divided into four occupational zones administered by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union.
50
15 May 1955: Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag)
Foreign ministers of the four Allied powers and Austrian Foreign Minister Leopold Figl sign the treaty at Belvedere Palace, restoring full Austrian sovereignty ('Österreich ist frei!').
51
26 October 1955: Declaration of Perpetual Neutrality
The National Council passes the Federal Constitutional Law on the Neutrality of Austria; celebrated annually as Austrian National Day (Nationalfeiertag).
52
5 November 1978: Zwentendorf Nuclear Referendum
Austrian electorate votes narrowly (50.5% against) against commissioning the completed nuclear power plant at Zwentendorf, leading to a statutory ban on nuclear energy production in Austria.
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