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Maturità History Key Dates

27 flashcards with key events and dates in the history of Italy and Europe from 1789 to 1992. Study material written for practice, not the official exam.

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Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
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1
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
Restored the old dynasties after Napoleon and created a balance of power; Italy remained divided.
2
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy (1831)
Republican thinker who founded Young Italy to pursue a united republic by popular action.
3
Revolutions of 1848 and the Statuto Albertino
Year of revolutions in Europe; Charles Albert of Piedmont granted a constitution, the basis of the later Italian kingdom.
4
Plombières agreement (1858)
Secret agreement between Cavour and Napoleon III for French help against Austria.
5
Second War of Independence (1859)
Piedmont and France defeated Austria; Lombardy joined Piedmont.
6
Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
Garibaldi's volunteers conquered Sicily and southern Italy from the Bourbons.
7
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (1861)
Victor Emmanuel II became the first king; capital Turin.
8
Veneto and Rome (1866 and 1870)
Venice joined Italy in 1866, and Rome was captured on 20 September 1870.
9
Triple Alliance (1882)
Defensive alliance of Italy with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
10
Giolitti era
Early twentieth century: reforms, industrial growth and wider voting rights.
11
Italy in the First World War
Neutral in 1914, Italy joined the Entente in May 1915 after the Treaty of London.
12
Vittoria mutilata
Nationalist phrase for the sense that Italy did not receive all the territories promised in 1915.
13
March on Rome (October 1922)
Fascist march that led King Victor Emmanuel III to appoint Mussolini prime minister.
14
Lateran Pacts (1929)
Agreements between Italy and the Holy See that created the Vatican City State.
15
Racial laws (1938)
Antisemitic laws adopted by the Fascist regime, excluding Jews from schools and public jobs.
16
Armistice of 8 September 1943
Italy surrendered to the Allies; the country was split and the north was occupied by Germany.
17
Resistenza and 25 April 1945
Armed opposition to Nazi-Fascist rule, ending with the liberation of the northern cities on 25 April.
18
Referendum of 2 June 1946
Italians chose a republic over the monarchy; women voted nationally for the first time.
19
Constitution of 1948
Written by the Constituent Assembly, in force from 1 January 1948.
20
Treaty of Rome (1957)
Created the European Economic Community, with Italy as a founding member.
21
Economic miracle
Rapid growth of Italian industry and incomes from the 1950s to the early 1960s.
22
Anni di piombo
The 1970s, a period of political terrorism, including the kidnapping of Aldo Moro in 1978.
23
French Revolution (1789)
Overthrew the absolute monarchy in France and spread ideas of liberty and equality.
24
German unification (1871)
Bismarck's Prussia won wars against Denmark, Austria and France, and the German Empire was proclaimed.
25
Versailles and the Great Depression
The 1919 peace settlement and the 1929 crash set the stage for the rise of dictatorships in Europe.
26
Berlin Wall (1961-1989)
Barrier dividing East and West Berlin, a symbol of the Cold War, opened on 9 November 1989.
27
Maastricht Treaty (1992)
Created the European Union and set the path to the euro.

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