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UPSC Environment, Polity & History Key Concepts

Essential constitutional articles, environmental conventions, and national heritage facts for UPSC Prelims.

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Article 32 of Indian Constitution
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1
Article 32 of Indian Constitution
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, Certiorari). Called 'Heart and Soul' of Constitution by Dr. Ambedkar.
2
Article 21: Protection of Life & Personal Liberty
No person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law (expanded by Maneka Gandhi case to 'due process').
3
Preamble Keywords in Order
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens JUSTICE, LIBERTY, EQUALITY, and FRATERNITY.
4
73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)
73rd: Panchayati Raj Institutions (Part IX, Schedule 11). 74th: Municipalities / Urban Local Bodies (Part IXA, Schedule 12).
5
Basic Structure Doctrine Origin
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973). Parliament cannot alter the basic features of the Constitution through Article 368.
6
Finance Commission Constitutional Article
Article 280: Quinquennial recommendation on devolution of central net tax proceeds between Union and States.
7
CAG of India Constitutional Article
Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor General of India, guardian of the public purse and auditor of Union/State accounts.
8
Ramsar Convention Purpose
International treaty signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, for the conservation and sustainable utilization of global wetlands.
9
CITES Convention Scope
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Regulates global wildlife commercial trade across Appendices I, II, and III.
10
Montreux Record Definition
A register of Ramsar wetland sites where ecological character changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur from technological developments or pollution.
11
IUCN Red List Categories
Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), Least Concern (LC).
12
Project Tiger Launch Year and Authority
Launched in 1973 at Jim Corbett National Park. Administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA, statutory body under WPA 1972).
13
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Provides legal protection to wild animals, birds, and plants. Rationalized into 4 schedules by the 2022 amendment.
14
Eutrophication Process
Nutrient enrichment (nitrogen/phosphorus runoff) causing algal blooms, microbial oxygen depletion, and aquatic dead zones.
15
Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions
Basel: Hazardous waste transboundary movement. Rotterdam: Prior informed consent for hazardous chemicals. Stockholm: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
16
Minamata Convention on Mercury
Global environmental treaty signed in 2013 to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions of toxic mercury compounds.
17
Government of India Act, 1935 Key Features
Abolished provincial dyarchy and introduced provincial autonomy; proposed an All-India Federation; established Federal Court and Reserve Bank of India.
18
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
Introduced communal representation and separate electorates for Muslims in legislative councils.
19
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Gandhiji's first Civil Disobedience movement in India, resisting the oppressive Tinkathia indigo cultivation system in Bihar.
20
Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) Members
Lord Pethick-Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander. Recommended a three-tier federation and rejected the partition demand.
21
Greenhouse Gases: GWP Ranking
Global Warming Potential over 100 years: . ( has baseline GWP = 1).
22
Western Ghats UNESCO World Heritage Status
One of the world's eight 'hottest hotspots' of biological diversity. High endemism in amphibians, reptiles, and evergreen flora.
23
National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act
Established in 2010 under Article 21 for expeditious disposal of civil cases relating to environmental protection and conservation.
24
Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants
Primary: emitted directly (e.g. , , ). Secondary: formed via atmospheric chemical reactions (e.g. Ground-level Ozone , photochemical smog, PAN).
25
Biodiversity Act, 2002 Three-Tier Structure
National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) at national level, State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) at state level, and Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) at local body level.

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