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TOEFL ITP Grammar and Academic Vocabulary

Essential grammar rules, inversion patterns, clause structures, and vocabulary for the TOEFL ITP.

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Negative Inversion Rule
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1
Negative Inversion Rule
When negative adverbs (hardly, rarely, seldom, never, scarcely) begin a sentence, invert subject and auxiliary verb.
2
Inverted Conditional (Type 3)
'Had the team known...' replaces 'If the team had known...'. Result clause takes 'would have + past participle'.
3
Inverted Conditional (Type 2)
'Were the temperature to drop...' replaces 'If the temperature were to drop...'. Uses 'were + subject + infinitive'.
4
Subjunctive with Demand Verbs
Verbs like suggest, recommend, insist, require take 'that + subject + base verb' (e.g. recommend that he submit).
5
Double Comparative Pattern
'The + comparative, the + comparative' (e.g., The higher the altitude, the lower the pressure).
6
Subject-Verb Agreement with 'Neither/Either'
'Neither of the books is' (singular). With 'neither... nor...', the verb agrees with the closer subject.
7
Prepositional Phrase Subject Trap
'The quality of these products is' (verb agrees with singular head noun 'quality', not 'products').
8
Reduced Participle Clause (Passive)
'Built in 1910, the library...' reduced from 'Because it was built in 1910, the library...'.
9
Reduced Participle Clause (Active)
'Having completed the experiment, the scientist...' indicates an active action preceding the main clause.
10
Parallel Structure with Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or) connect grammatically equal elements (nouns with nouns, adverbs with adverbs).
11
Correlative Conjunction Pairs
Both... and; either... or; neither... nor; not only... but also. Elements following each must be parallel.
12
Despite vs. In Spite Of
'Despite' takes a direct noun object (Despite the rain). 'In spite of' takes 'of'. 'Despite of' is ungrammatical.
13
Because vs. Because Of
'Because' introduces an independent clause with subject and verb. 'Because of' introduces a noun phrase object.
14
Much vs. Many
'Much' modifies uncountable nouns (much research, much water). 'Many' modifies countable plural nouns (many studies).
15
Little vs. Few
'Little' modifies uncountable nouns (little evidence). 'Few' modifies countable plural nouns (few specimens).
16
Word Form Error: Adjective vs. Adverb
Adjectives modify nouns (quick response). Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (responded quickly).
17
Appositive Structure
A noun phrase set off by commas that renames the subject without adding an unnecessary finite verb.
18
Locative Inversion
When a prepositional phrase of location begins a sentence, the intransitive verb precedes the subject (Beneath the trees lies a spring).
19
Substance of Amber
Fossilized tree resin formed millions of years ago, prized in jewelry and paleontology for preserving insect inclusions.
20
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship between two different species in which both organisms derive mutual survival benefits.
21
Dendrochronology
The scientific method of dating historical events and climatic fluctuations by analyzing annual tree growth rings.
22
Bioluminescence 'Cold Light'
Light emission from a chemical reaction (luciferin + luciferase) where almost zero energy is lost as thermal heat.
23
Plate Tectonics Continental Drift
Alfred Wegener's theory that continents move over geological time, later substantiated by seafloor spreading mechanisms.
24
Rosetta Stone Trilingual Stele
196 BCE stele featuring hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Ancient Greek that unlocked the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
25
Echolocation Sonar
Biological sonar used by microbats and odontocetes to map surroundings and capture prey by interpreting reflected sound pulses.

TOEFL ITP Indonesia in Indonesia

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