31 cardsCLAT UG
CLAT UG: Legal Principles, Cases and Formulas
Thirty-one cards with the constitutional articles, leading cases, legal principles and formulas that appear most often in CLAT UG.
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Basic structure doctrine
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Terms in this deck (31)
1
Basic structure doctrine
Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala (1973): Parliament cannot destroy the basic structure of the Constitution.
2
Article 14
Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws; reasonable classification is allowed.
3
Article 19(1)(a) and 19(2)
Freedom of speech and expression, subject to reasonable restrictions such as public order.
4
Article 20
Protection against retrospective penal laws, double jeopardy and self-incrimination.
5
Article 21
Protection of life and personal liberty; includes privacy (Puttaswamy, 2017).
6
Article 22
Protection against arrest: be told the grounds and be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.
7
Article 32
Right to move the Supreme Court for Fundamental Rights.
8
Article 352
National Emergency.
9
Article 368
Amendment of the Constitution.
10
Retirement age of judges
Supreme Court 65 years; High Court 62 years.
11
Maneka Gandhi (1978)
Procedure under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable.
12
Vishaka (1997)
Guidelines against sexual harassment at the workplace.
13
Shreya Singhal (2015)
Section 66A of the IT Act struck down.
14
M. C. Mehta (1986)
Rule of absolute liability for hazardous industries.
15
Invitation to offer
Goods on display are an invitation to treat, not an offer.
16
General offer
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co: anyone who performs the condition may accept.
17
Minor's agreement
Void from the beginning in India.
18
Coercion
A threat of an act forbidden by law makes the contract voidable.
19
Postal acceptance
Complete against the proposer when the letter is posted.
20
Quasi-contract
A duty to pay for a non-gratuitous benefit enjoyed, without a contract.
21
Donoghue v Stevenson
Duty of care owed to a neighbour; no contract needed.
22
Rylands v Fletcher
Strict liability for escape of a dangerous thing from non-natural use of land.
23
Volenti non fit injuria
A person who voluntarily accepts a risk cannot sue for it.
24
Vicarious liability
An employer is liable for an employee's wrong in the course of employment.
25
Private defence
Limited to the harm necessary; it ends when the danger ends.
26
Theft
Dishonest taking of movable property out of possession without consent.
27
Child under seven
Not criminally responsible.
28
Attempt
An act towards the offence with the intent to commit it is punishable.
29
UN Security Council
Five permanent members with veto: US, UK, France, Russia, China.
30
Quantitative formulas
Profit % = profit / cost x 100; SI = PRT / 100; time together = ab / (a + b).
31
Calendar and clock
|30h - 5.5m| degrees; 100 years = 5 odd days.
CLAT UG in India
In India, CLAT UG is part of: University and boards.
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