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25 cardsPrueba Unica Nacional (Peru Teacher Appointment Test)

Teaching Key Concepts

Flashcards on learning theories, assessment terms and the structure of Peru's teaching framework and national curriculum. Practice material for study.

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Piaget: sensorimotor stage
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1
Piaget: sensorimotor stage
Birth to about 2 years: learning through senses and movement; object permanence develops.
2
Piaget: preoperational stage
About 2 to 7 years: symbolic thought and play, but egocentric views and no conservation yet.
3
Piaget: concrete operational stage
About 7 to 11 years: logical thinking about real objects; conservation is understood.
4
Piaget: formal operational stage
From about 11 or 12 years: abstract and hypothetical reasoning.
5
Vygotsky: zone of proximal development
The gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with help.
6
Scaffolding
Temporary support from a teacher or peer that is reduced as the learner gains skill.
7
Ausubel: advance organiser
An introduction that links new material to what learners already know.
8
Bruner: discovery learning
Learners build ideas by exploring problems with guidance; the curriculum can be revisited in a spiral.
9
Positive reinforcement
Adding a pleasant consequence after a behaviour so that the behaviour becomes more frequent.
10
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant event after a behaviour so that the behaviour becomes more frequent.
11
Formative assessment
Assessment during learning that gives information to adjust teaching and study.
12
Summative assessment
Assessment at the end of a unit or year that sums up what has been learned.
13
Reliability of a test
The consistency of results when the test is repeated under the same conditions.
14
Validity of a test
The extent to which a test measures what it is meant to measure.
15
Norm-referenced assessment
Results compare a pupil with other pupils.
16
Criterion-referenced assessment
Results compare a pupil with a fixed standard of performance.
17
Revised Bloom's levels (low to high)
Remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create.
18
Gradual release of responsibility
Teacher models ('I do'), pupils practise together ('we do'), then work alone ('you do').
19
Universal Design for Learning
Planning lessons with several ways to present content, show understanding and engage learners.
20
Differentiated instruction
Adjusting content, process or product for different learners while keeping the same learning goal.
21
Kohlberg's three levels
Pre-conventional (rewards and punishments), conventional (approval and social order), post-conventional (principles).
22
Wait time
A pause of a few seconds after a question so pupils can think before answering.
23
Marco del Buen Desempeno Docente: structure
Four domains, nine competencies and forty performance indicators (desempenos).
24
Curriculo Nacional: competence
The ability to combine a set of capacities to achieve a specific purpose in a given situation, acting with ethics.
25
Curriculo Nacional: learning standards
Descriptions of how a competence develops across levels of increasing complexity.

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