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National 5 Key Facts Across Subjects

30 flashcards of key definitions and facts from National 5 Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Original study material for practice.

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N5 Biology: diffusion
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1
N5 Biology: diffusion
The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
2
N5 Biology: osmosis
The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration.
3
N5 Biology: active transport
Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration.
4
N5 Biology: DNA base pairing
Adenine pairs with thymine; cytosine pairs with guanine.
5
N5 Biology: what is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a protein, controlling the order of amino acids.
6
N5 Biology: enzyme denaturation
High temperature or extreme pH changes the shape of the active site, so the substrate no longer fits.
7
N5 Biology: aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy (in mitochondria).
8
N5 Biology: photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts.
9
N5 Biology: mitosis
Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells; used for growth and repair.
10
N5 Biology: stem cell
An unspecialised cell that can differentiate into other types of cell.
11
N5 Biology: insulin and glucagon
Insulin lowers blood glucose (glucose to glycogen); glucagon raises it (glycogen to glucose). Both come from the pancreas.
12
N5 Biology: reflex arc order
Receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector.
13
N5 Biology: xylem and phloem
Xylem carries water and minerals up; phloem carries dissolved sugars (translocation).
14
N5 Biology: natural selection
Individuals with favourable variations survive and reproduce, passing on their alleles.
15
N5 Biology: eutrophication
Fertiliser run-off causes algal blooms; decomposers then use up the oxygen in the water.
16
N5 Chemistry: moles formula
moles = mass ÷ gram formula mass; also moles = concentration × volume (in litres).
17
N5 Chemistry: alkane general formula
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, e.g. C₃H₈ is propane.
18
N5 Chemistry: test for an alkene
Bromine water changes from orange to colourless as bromine adds across the C=C bond.
19
N5 Chemistry: neutralisation
acid + alkali → salt + water.
20
N5 Chemistry: factors that increase reaction rate
Higher temperature, higher concentration, smaller particle size (larger surface area) and a catalyst.
21
N5 Chemistry: ionic compounds conduct when…
Molten or dissolved, because the ions are free to move.
22
N5 Chemistry: oxidation and reduction
Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain of electrons.
23
N5 Physics: scalar and vector
A scalar has size only (distance, speed); a vector has size and direction (displacement, velocity, force).
24
N5 Physics: area under a speed–time graph
The distance travelled.
25
N5 Physics: Newton's third law
If body A exerts a force on body B, B exerts an equal and opposite force on A.
26
N5 Physics: terminal velocity
The speed at which the forces are balanced, so the resultant force is zero and speed stays constant.
27
N5 Physics: light year
The distance light travels in one year.
28
N5 Physics: EM spectrum in order of increasing frequency
Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma.
29
N5 Physics: radiation penetration
Alpha is stopped by paper; beta by thin aluminium; gamma is reduced by thick lead or concrete.
30
N5 Physics: fission and fusion
Fission splits a large nucleus; fusion joins small nuclei (as in the Sun).

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