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ESAT Physics Equations and Definitions

31 flashcards covering mechanics, electricity, waves, thermal physics, nuclear physics and electromagnetism for ESAT Physics. Original study material for practice.

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Four equations of uniform acceleration (suvat)

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Four equations of uniform acceleration (suvat)

v = u + a t

s = \frac{1}{2} (u + v) t

s = u t + \frac{1}{2} a t^{2}

v^{2} = u^{2} + 2 a s

Newton's second law

Resultant force

F = ma

(equivalently,

F

is the rate of change of momentum).

Momentum and impulse

p = m v

and impulse

= F Δ t = Δ p

Conservation of momentum

In a closed system, total momentum before a collision equals total momentum after.

Kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy near the Earth

E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}

and

Δ E_{p} = m g Δ h

Work done by a force at an angle to the motion

W = F s cos θ

Power in terms of work, time, force and speed

P = \frac{W}{t} = F v

Efficiency

Useful output energy (or power) divided by total input energy (or power).

Hooke's law and elastic energy of a spring

F = k x

and

E = \frac{1}{2} k x^{2}

Centripetal force for circular motion

F = \frac{m v ^{2}}{r}

, directed towards the centre.

Moment of a force

Force

\times

perpendicular distance from the pivot; in equilibrium the clockwise and anticlockwise moments are equal.

Density, pressure and pressure in a fluid

ρ = \frac{m}{V}

p = \frac{F}{A}

and

p = ρ g h

Upthrust on a submerged object

Equal to the weight of fluid displaced:

U = ρ g V

Stress, strain and Young modulus

Stress

= \frac{F}{A}

, strain

= \frac{Δ L}{L}

E = \frac{stress}{strain}

Ohm's law, power and charge

V = I R

P = V I = I^{2} R = \frac{V ^{2}}{R}

Q = I t

Resistors in series and in parallel

Series:

R = R_{1} + R_{2} + \dots

; parallel:

\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{R _{1}} + \frac{1}{R _{2}} + \dots

Terminal potential difference of a cell

V = E - I r

, where

r

is the internal resistance.

Resistance of a wire

R = \frac{ρ L}{A}

Energy stored in a capacitor

E = \frac{1}{2} C V^{2} = \frac{1}{2} Q V

with

Q = C V

Wave equation and period

v = f λ

and

T = \frac{1}{f}

Snell's law and the critical angle

n_{1} sin θ_{1} = n_{2} sin θ_{2}

; critical angle

sin c = \frac{n _{2}}{n _{1}}

(into air,

sin c = \frac{1}{n}

Fringe spacing in a double-slit experiment

w = \frac{λ D}{d}

Fundamental frequency of a string fixed at both ends

λ = 2 L

, so

f = \frac{v}{2 L}

Heat energy for a temperature change and for a change of state

Q = m c Δ θ

and

Q = m L

Gas laws (temperature in kelvin)

Boyle:

p V

constant at fixed

T

; Charles:

V / T

constant at fixed

p

; pressure law:

p / T

constant at fixed

V

Ideal gas equation

p V = n R T

with

R = 8.31 J mol^{- 1} K^{- 1}

Half-life

The time for the activity (or the number of undecayed nuclei) to halve: after

n

half-lives the fraction left is

(\frac{1}{2})^{n}

Alpha and beta-minus decay changes

Alpha: mass number

- 4

, atomic number

- 2

. Beta-minus: mass number unchanged, atomic number

+ 1

Force on a current-carrying wire and on a moving charge in a magnetic field

F = B I L

and

F = B q v

(field at right angles).

Ideal transformer

\frac{V _{s}}{V _{p}} = \frac{N _{s}}{N _{p}}

and, if 100 percent efficient,

V_{s} I_{s} = V_{p} I_{p}

Faraday's law of induction

Induced e.m.f.

= \frac{Δ ( N Φ )}{Δ t}

; Lenz's law gives its direction (it opposes the change).

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