25 cardsMDCAT Pakistan
MDCAT Core Formulas and Facts
Essential formulas, reaction constants, physiological values, and genetic ratios for PMDC MDCAT preparation.
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equations
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Terms in this deck (25)
1
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Equations
p + q = 1 (allele frequencies) and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 (genotype frequencies).
2
Michaelis-Menten Equation & Km Definition
*v = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])**; Km is the substrate concentration at which reaction rate is half of Vmax.
3
Net ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration per Glucose
Approximately 30 to 32 ATP per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells.
4
Resting Membrane Potential of Human Neurons
Approximately -70 mV, maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in).
5
Normal Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Approximately 125 mL/min or 180 liters/day in a healthy adult.
6
Normal Cardiac Output Equation
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate (approx. 70 mL x 72 bpm = 5.0 L/min).
7
Blood Pressure Standard Values
120/80 mmHg (systolic / diastolic pressure in healthy young adult).
8
Dihybrid Cross Phenotypic Ratio
9 : 3 : 3 : 1 for independent assortment of two heterozygous gene pairs.
9
ECG Wave Electrical Correlates
P wave: atrial depolarization; QRS complex: ventricular depolarization; T wave: ventricular repolarization.
10
Ideal Gas Law Equation
*P V = n R T**, where R = 0.0821 L atm / (mol K) or 8.314 J / (mol K).
11
Relation Between Kp and Kc
*Kp = Kc (R T)^(delta n)*, where delta n = moles of gaseous products minus reactants.
12
Standard Galvanic Cell Potential
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode (reduction potential of cathode minus anode).
13
Gibbs Free Energy Equation
*delta G = delta H - T delta S**; spontaneous when delta G < 0.
14
First-Order Reaction Half-Life
t_1/2 = 0.693 / k, independent of initial reactant concentration.
15
Huckel's Rule for Aromaticity
Planar cyclic conjugated system containing 4n + 2 pi electrons (n = 0, 1, 2...).
16
Arrhenius Equation for Rate Constant
*k = A exp(-E_a / (R T))*, slope of ln(k) vs 1/T is -E_a / R.
17
Projectile Maximum Range Formula
R_max = v0^2 / g at launch angle theta = 45 degrees.
18
Simple Pendulum Time Period
*T = 2 pi sqrt(L / g)*, independent of pendulum bob mass.
19
Young's Double-Slit Fringe Width
*beta = (lambda D) / d**, where D is screen distance and d is slit separation.
20
Thin Lens Formula
1 / f = 1 / d_o + 1 / d_i, with focal length f positive for convex converging lenses.
21
Carnot Engine Efficiency
eta = 1 - (T_C / T_H), with absolute temperatures in Kelvin.
22
Doppler Effect (Approaching Source)
*f' = f (v / (v - v_s))**, where observed frequency increases.
23
Einstein's Photoelectric Equation
*K_max = h f - Phi**, where Phi is the metal work function.
24
De Broglie Wavelength Equation
*lambda = h / p = h / (m v)**, dual wave-particle relationship.
25
Radioactive Decay Law
*N(t) = N0 exp(-lambda t)*, with decay constant lambda = 0.693 / t_1/2.