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Cambridge IGCSE Science Key Definitions

Fundamental physics laws, chemistry bonding principles, and biology concepts for Cambridge IGCSE.

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Newton's First Law of Motion

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Newton's First Law of Motion

An object remains at rest or continues at constant velocity unless acted upon by a resultant external force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

F = ma

$ Resultant force equals mass multiplied by acceleration.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

When body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A.

Hooke's Law

F = k x

$ Extension is directly proportional to load, provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.

Work Done and Power Formulas

W = F \times d, P = \frac{W}{t} = \frac{E}{t}

$ Work in Joules, Power in Watts.

Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy

E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}, E_{p} = m g h

Ohm's Law

V = I R

$ Current is directly proportional to voltage across a metallic conductor at constant temperature.

Resistors in Series vs. Parallel

Series:

R = R_{1} + R_{2}

. Parallel:

\frac{1}{R} = \frac{1}{R _{1}} + \frac{1}{R _{2}}

Wave Equation

v = f λ

$ Wave speed = frequency $\times$ wavelength.

Law of Reflection and Snell's Law

Angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Refraction index: $

n = \frac{s i n ( i )}{s i n ( r )} = \frac{c}{v}

Electromagnetic Spectrum Order

Radio → Microwave → Infrared → Visible Light → Ultraviolet → X-ray → Gamma Ray (increasing frequency and photon energy).

Specific Heat Capacity Equation

Δ E = m c Δ T

$ Thermal energy transferred equals mass $\times$ specific heat capacity $\times$ temperature change.

Boyle's Gas Law

P_{1} V_{1} = P_{2} V_{2}

$ at constant temperature for a fixed mass of gas.

Ionic Bonding Definition

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

Covalent Bonding Definition

Sharing of pairs of electrons between non-metallic atoms to achieve noble gas electron configurations.

Reactivity Series Mnemonic

Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Au).

Acids and Bases: Neutralization Equation

Acid + Base \to Salt + Water (H^{+} + O H^{-} \to H_{2} O)

Diffusion Definition

Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient as a result of random motion.

Osmosis Definition

Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.

Photosynthesis Balanced Chemical Equation

6 C O_{2} + 6 H_{2} O light, chlorophyll C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} + 6 O_{2}

Aerobic Cellular Respiration Equation

C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} + 6 O_{2} \to 6 C O_{2} + 6 H_{2} O + energy

Functions of Xylem and Phloem

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals unidirectionally upwards. Phloem translocates sucrose and amino acids bidirectionally.

Enzyme Active Site & Denaturation

Enzymes are biological catalysts with specific active sites that bind substrates. High temperatures alter protein shape, denaturing the enzyme irreversibly.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis in IGCSE Biology

Mitosis: 1 division, 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells (growth/repair). Meiosis: 2 divisions, 4 genetically diverse haploid gametes.

Electric Charge and Current Relationship

Q = I t

C ha r g e (C o u l o mb s) = C u r r e n t (A m p er es)

\times$ Time (seconds).

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