26 cardsNEET UG

NEET UG Chemistry High-Yield Revision

Essential core concepts, named reactions, periodic trends, and formulas for NEET UG Chemistry.

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Raoult's Law for Ideal Solutions

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Raoult's Law for Ideal Solutions

Total vapor pressure P_total = P_A^0 x_A + P_B^0 x_B. Ideal solutions satisfy Delta H_mix = 0 and Delta V_mix = 0.

Henry's Law and Temperature Dependence

Gas solubility p = K_H * x. Higher K_H means lower solubility at a given pressure. K_H increases with temperature, so gas solubility in liquids decreases on heating.

Van 't Hoff Factor (i) for Association and Dissociation

For dissociation: i = 1 + (n - 1)alpha. For association (e.g. benzoic acid in benzene dimerizing): i = 1 + (1/n - 1)alpha.

Nernst Equation for Electrode Potential

E_cell = E_cell^0 - (0.0591 / n) log10(Q) at 298 K. At equilibrium, E_cell = 0 and E_cell^0 = (0.0591 / n) log10(K_c).

Kohlrausch's Law of Independent Migration of Ions

Limiting molar conductivity Lambda_m^0 of an electrolyte equals the sum of individual ionic limiting molar conductivities: Lambda_m^0 = nu_+ lambda_+^0 + nu_- lambda_-^0.

Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis

First Law: m = Z I t = (M / (n F)) Q. Depositing 1 mole of an n-valent cation requires n Faradays (n * 96500 C) of electrical charge.

Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy

k = A exp(-E_a / (R T)). Linear form: ln(k) = ln(A) - E_a / (R * T). Plot of ln(k) vs 1/T yields a straight line with slope = -E_a / R.

First-Order Reaction Half-Life and Integrated Rate Law

k = (2.303 / t) * log10([A]_0 / [A]); Half-life t_{1/2} = 0.693 / k, which is strictly independent of the initial reactant concentration [A]_0.

Langmuir and Freundlich Adsorption Isotherms

Freundlich: x/m = k * p^(1/n) (where 0 <= 1/n <= 1). At high pressures, 1/n -> 0 and adsorption becomes independent of pressure (saturation).

Lanthanoid Contraction and Consequences

Poor shielding of 4f electrons causes steady decrease in ionic radii from La3+ to Lu3+. Consequence: nearly identical radii for 4d/5d pairs (Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta).

Crystal Field Splitting in Octahedral vs Tetrahedral Complexes

Octahedral: d-orbitals split into t_2g (lower, 3 orbitals) and e_g (higher, 2 orbitals). Tetrahedral: Delta_t = 4/9 * Delta_o, e lower and t_2 higher.

Spectrochemical Series (Weak to Strong Field Ligands)

I- < Br- < SCN- < Cl- < S2- < F- < OH- < C2O4(2-) < H2O < NCS- < edta4- < NH3 < en < CN- < CO. Strong ligands cause low-spin pair configuration.

Jahn-Teller Distortion

Any non-linear molecular system in a degenerate electronic ground state undergoes geometrical distortion (e.g. elongation of axial Cu-L bonds in d^9 Cu2+).

SN1 vs SN2 Reaction Mechanisms

SN1: Two steps via carbocation intermediate; racemization; tertiary > secondary > primary. SN2: Single step via pentacoordinate transition state; Walden inversion; primary > secondary > tertiary.

Lucas Test for Alcohols

Reagent: conc. HCl + anhydrous ZnCl2. Tertiary alcohols turn turbid immediately; secondary alcohols turn turbid in 5 minutes; primary alcohols remain clear at room temperature.

Reimer-Tiemann Reaction

Phenol + CHCl3 + aqueous NaOH at 340 K yields salicylaldehyde (o-hydroxybenzaldehyde). The electrophile is dichlorocarbene (:CCl2).

Kolbe's Reaction of Phenol

Sodium phenoxide heated with CO2 at 400 K and 4-7 atm followed by acidification yields salicylic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid).

Cannizzaro Reaction

Aldehydes lacking alpha-hydrogens (e.g. HCHO, C6H5CHO) undergo disproportionation in 50% concentrated NaOH: one molecule reduces to alcohol, one oxidizes to carboxylic salt.

Aldol Condensation and Cross-Aldol Condensation

Aldehydes/ketones having alpha-hydrogens react with dilute alkali to form beta-hydroxy aldehydes (aldols), which eliminate water upon heating to give alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls.

Rosenmund Reduction

Acyl chlorides (RCOCl) are selectively hydrogenated to aldehydes (RCHO) using H2 over Pd-BaSO4 poisoned with sulfur or quinoline to prevent over-reduction to alcohols.

Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation

Primary amide (RCONH2) reacts with Br2 and NaOH/KOH to yield primary amine (RNH2) having one fewer carbon atom via an isocyanate intermediate.

Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis

Potassium phthalimide undergoes SN2 alkylation with primary alkyl halide, followed by hydrazine/alkaline hydrolysis to yield pure primary aliphatic amine (cannot prepare aniline).

Hinsberg Reagent for Amine Differentiation

Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl): Primary amine forms sulfonamide soluble in alkali; Secondary amine forms sulfonamide insoluble in alkali; Tertiary amine does not react.

Carbylamine Reaction (Isocyanide Test)

Primary aliphatic or aromatic amine heated with CHCl3 and alcoholic KOH gives an extremely foul-smelling alkyl/aryl isocyanide (carbylamine, RNC).

Peptide Bond and Primary Protein Structure

Amide linkage (-CO-NH-) formed by condensation of -COOH of one amino acid with -NH2 of another. Primary structure is the specific covalent sequence of amino acids.

Isoelectric Point (pI) of Amino Acids

The pH at which the amino acid molecule carries net zero electrical charge and exists predominantly as a dipolar zwitterion with no net migration in an electric field.

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