What process is used in industry to harden natural rubber by heating it with sulfur to form cross-links?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Vulcanization
- Step 1: Raw natural rubber becomes soft and sticky when hot and brittle when cold. Step 2. Charles Goodyear discovered that heating raw rubber with 3-5% elemental sulfur creates disulfide cross-links between polymer chains, greatly improving elasticity and mechanical strength (vulcanization). Answer: Vulcanization. Why not the others: Polymerization builds polymer chains from monomers; hydrogenation saturates double bonds; saponification hydrolyzes esters to make soap.
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