In historical sociology, what defines the concept of 'clientelism' (rousfeti) in modern Greek political development?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. trading public favors for votes
- Step 1: Political clientelism involves patron-client networks where politicians distribute state jobs, subsidies, and favors in exchange for electoral loyalty. This informal patronage system long shaped state-citizen relations, often impeding the establishment of a meritocratic civil service. Answer: trading public favors for votes. Why not the others: "ideological debates on philosophy" refers to programmatic political discourse rather than personal transactional patronage; "impartial civil service exams" describes ASEP merit-based public hiring reforms introduced much later in 1994 to combat clientelism; "pure direct democratic referendums" characterizes direct citizen voting rather than bilateral transactional patronage networks.
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