Identify the primary flaw in this research methodology conclusion: 'A survey of 40 undergraduate students enrolled in introductory psychology proves that all university students prefer online examinations over paper assessments.'

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Overgeneralization based on a small, non-representative sample

  1. Step 1: The sample size is small (40 participants) and restricted to a single introductory course in one discipline.
  2. Step 2: Extrapolating from this narrow group to assert a definitive claim about 'all university students' represents an overgeneralization (hasty generalization).
  3. Step 3: A representative study requires random stratified sampling across multiple faculties and class levels.
Answer
Overgeneralization based on a small, non-representative sample.
Why not the others: 'Failure to define the mathematical formula for standard deviation' is irrelevant to sampling validity; 'Using an experimental trial instead of an observational inquiry' is incorrect because a survey is already observational; 'Employing double-blind protocols in an educational setting' would improve rather than compromise validity.

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