Which 18th-century enlightened Habsburg monarch instituted widespread educational reforms with the 'Ratio Educationis' (1777) and codified legal protections for serfs (Urbár)?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: A. Maria Theresa
- Step 1: Maria Theresa centralized judicial governance, promoted uniform compulsory primary schooling, and standardized peasant labor obligations across Royal Hungary and Slovakia. Answer: Maria Theresa. Why not the others: Joseph II issued the 1781 Patent of Toleration, while Francis Joseph I ruled during the later Austro-Hungarian dualist era (1848–1916).
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