Which legal mechanism, recognized by the Indonesian Constitutional Court in Ruling No. 35/PUU-X/2012, protects the collective forest territories of indigenous communities from state forestry concessions?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Customary Forest (Hutan Adat)
- Step 1: In landmark Decision 35/2012, the Constitutional Court ruled that hutan adat is not state forest (hutan negara), restoring indigenous sovereignty over ancestral lands. Step 2. Recognition requires local district regulations (Perda) confirming the legal status of the customary community (Masyarakat Hukum Adat). Answer: Customary Forest (Hutan Adat). Why not the others: HTI is commercial monoculture logging concessions.
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