What is the principal value of ?

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: A.

  1. Step 1: The principal value branch for the inverse cosine function is .
  2. Step 2: Apply the inverse cosine reflection identity: .
  3. Step 3: Since , subtract: .
Answer
.
Why not the others: The alternative choices (, , ) stem from algebraic sign mistakes, misapplying coordinate formulas, or intermediate arithmetic calculation slips.

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