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A-Level Key Facts Across Subjects

26 flashcards with key definitions and formulas from A-Level biology, psychology, economics and further mathematics. Original study material for practice.

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Biology: semi-conservative replication
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1
Biology: semi-conservative replication
Each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.
2
Biology: competitive inhibitor
Resembles the substrate and blocks the active site; more substrate can overcome it.
3
Biology: Calvin cycle location
The stroma of the chloroplast, using ATP and reduced NADP.
4
Biology: first product of carbon fixation
Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP), made when rubisco joins CO2 to RuBP.
5
Biology: Krebs cycle needs oxygen indirectly
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, so NAD and FAD are regenerated.
6
Biology: Hardy-Weinberg equations
p + q = 1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.
7
Biology: cardiac output
Heart rate x stroke volume.
8
Psychology: independent variable
The variable the researcher changes or compares between conditions.
9
Psychology: informed consent
Participants know what the study involves and agree before it starts.
10
Psychology: multi-store model
Sensory register, short-term store and long-term store, linked by attention and rehearsal.
11
Psychology: working memory model
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer.
12
Psychology: negative reinforcement
Behaviour increases because something unpleasant is removed.
13
Psychology: social learning processes
Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.
14
Economics: opportunity cost
The value of the next best alternative given up.
15
Economics: price elasticity of demand
Percentage change in quantity demanded divided by percentage change in price.
16
Economics: GDP expenditure formula
C + I + G + (X - M).
17
Economics: negative externality
A cost to a third party that the market price does not include.
18
Economics: public good
Non-excludable and non-rivalrous, so free riders arise.
19
Economics: multiplier
Final change in income = initial injection x multiplier.
20
Economics: comparative advantage
Producing a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.
21
Further maths: modulus of a complex number
|a + bi| = square root of (a^2 + b^2).
22
Further maths: De Moivre's theorem
(cos t + i sin t)^n = cos nt + i sin nt.
23
Further maths: determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix
For (a b; c d), det = ad - bc; zero means singular.
24
Further maths: sum of the first n integers
n(n + 1) / 2.
25
Further maths: sum of the first n squares
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) / 6.
26
Further maths: sum to infinity
a / (1 - r) when |r| < 1.

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