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Medical Biology and Chemistry Formulas

30 study flashcards reviewing core biochemical pathways, physiological equations, and chemical equilibrium principles for medical entrance preparation.

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Sodium-potassium pump stoichiometry (

N a^{+} / K^{+}

-ATPase)

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Sodium-potassium pump stoichiometry (

N a^{+} / K^{+}

-ATPase)

3 Na^{+}

pumped out of the cell,

2 K^{+}

pumped in, consuming

1 ATP

Nernst equation for equilibrium potential of an ion at

3 7^{\circ} C

E = \frac{61.5}{z} lo g_{10} (\frac{[ ion ] _{out}}{[ ion ] _{in}}) mV

Fick's first law of diffusion

J = - D \cdot \frac{Δ C}{Δ x}

(rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient).

Cardiac output (

C O

) equation

C O = H R \times S V

(Heart Rate

\times

Stroke Volume).

Renal clearance equation (

C

)

C = \frac{U \times V}{P}

(Urine concentration

\times

Urine flow rate

/

Plasma concentration).

Mean arterial pressure (

M A P

) approximation

M A P \approx Diastolic + \frac{1}{3} (Systolic - Diastolic)

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffer

p H

p H = p K_{a} + lo g_{10} (\frac{[ A ^{-} ]}{[ H A ]})

Autoionization constant of water (

K_{w}

) at

2 5^{\circ} C

K_{w} = [H_{3} O^{+}] [O H^{-}] = 1.0 \times 1 0^{- 14}

(

p H + pO H = 14

Gibbs free energy change equation

Δ G = Δ H - T Δ S

(spontaneous when

Δ G < 0

Arrhenius equation for rate constant

k

k = A \cdot e^{- E_{a} / (R T)}

(

E_{a}

is activation energy).

First-order reaction half-life (

t_{1/2}

)

t_{1/2} = \frac{ln 2}{k} \approx \frac{0.693}{k}

Ideal gas law equation

P V = n R T

(

R = 0.0821 L \cdot atm / (mol \cdot K)

8.314 J / (mol \cdot K)

Van 't Hoff osmotic pressure equation (

Π

)

Π = i \cdot M \cdot R \cdot T

(

i

is the van 't Hoff dissociation factor).

Standard cell potential and free energy relation

Δ G^{\circ} = - n \cdot F \cdot E_{cell}^{\circ}

(

F \approx 96, 500 C/mol

Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics equation

v_{0} = \frac{V _{m a x} [ S ]}{K _{m} + [ S ]}

(

K_{m}

is the substrate concentration at

\frac{1}{2} V_{m a x}

Competitive vs non-competitive inhibitor effects on

K_{m}

and

V_{m a x}

Competitive:

K_{m}

increases,

V_{m a x}

unchanged. Non-competitive:

K_{m}

unchanged,

V_{m a x}

decreases.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equations

p + q = 1

and

p^{2} + 2 pq + q^{2} = 1

(

p

: dominant allele frequency,

q

: recessive allele frequency).

Net ATP and NADH yield of glycolysis per glucose molecule

2 net ATP

and

2 NADH

(and

2 pyruvate

Products of one turn of the citric acid cycle per acetyl-CoA

3 NADH

1 FADH_{2}

1 GTP/ATP

, and

2 CO_{2}

Definition of anomer in carbohydrate chemistry

Diastereomers of cyclic saccharides differing only in configuration at the hemiacetal or hemiketal anomeric carbon (C1 in aldoses).

Peptide bond structural feature

Planar and rigid due to partial double-bond character (resonance) between carbonyl carbon and amide nitrogen.

Hückel's rule for aromaticity

Planar, cyclic, fully conjugated system with

(4 n + 2)

delocalized

π

electrons (

n = 0, 1, 2, \dots

Zaitsev's rule in elimination reactions

The major product is the more substituted and thermodynamically stable alkene.

Markovnikov's rule in electrophilic alkene additions

The electrophilic hydrogen adds to the carbon atom bearing the greater number of hydrogen atoms, forming the more stable carbocation.

Reactivity order of carboxylic acid derivatives toward nucleophilic acyl substitution

Acyl chloride

>

Acid anhydride

>

Ester

>

Amide.

Bohr effect on hemoglobin oxygen affinity

Elevated

[H^{+}]

(lower

p H

), increased

P CO_{2}

, and increased temperature shift the curve to the right, promoting

O_{2}

release.

Solubility product (

K_{s p}

) expression for

A_{x} B_{y} (s) ⇌ x A^{y +} + y B^{x -}

K_{s p} = [A^{y +}]^{x} [B^{x -}]^{y}

(precipitation occurs when

Q_{s p} > K_{s p}

Freezing point depression equation

Δ T_{f} = i \cdot K_{f} \cdot m

(

m

is molality of solute).

Beer-Lambert Law for optical absorbance

A = ϵ \cdot c \cdot l

(

ϵ

: molar absorptivity,

c

: concentration,

l

: path length).

Standard reduction potential and spontaneity criteria

Spontaneous when

E_{cell}^{\circ} > 0

, corresponding to

Δ G^{\circ} < 0

and

K_{eq} > 1

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