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Scholarship Critical Reasoning and Humanities

Essential literary devices, constitutional doctrines, historiographical methods and philosophical concepts for New Zealand Scholarship candidates.

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What is free indirect discourse in literary prose narrative?
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1
What is free indirect discourse in literary prose narrative?
A technique presenting a character's internal thoughts and voice in third-person without explicit speech markers.
2
What is enjambment in verse poetry and what is its primary effect?
Continuing a syntactic sentence past a line break without punctuation, accelerating rhythm and tension.
3
What is chiasmus in classical rhetoric?
Reversing grammatical structures in successive parallel phrases in an ABBA pattern (e.g. 'Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you').
4
What defines metafiction in post-modern literature?
Fiction that self-consciously draws attention to its own artificial construction and status as an invented text.
5
What is an objective correlative as formulated by T.S. Eliot?
A set of concrete objects, sensory images, or events structured to evoke a specific emotional response in the reader.
6
What is focalization in Gerard Genette's narrative theory?
The perceptual and cognitive perspective through which narrative events are observed, distinct from who is speaking.
7
What is defamiliarization (ostranenie) in Russian Formalist theory?
Making familiar objects or situations seem strange and unfamiliar in order to refresh aesthetic perception.
8
What is polyphony in Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of the novel?
The coexistence of multiple independent, unmerged character consciousnesses and ideological voices on equal terms.
9
What did Roland Barthes assert in 'The Death of the Author'?
A text's meaning is generated by the reader and language systems, not by the biographical author's original intent.
10
What is parliamentary sovereignty under the Westminster constitutional model?
Parliament is the supreme law-making authority and can enact or repeal any law by simple majority without judicial invalidation.
11
What was the core difference between the English and Maori texts of Article 1 of Te Tiriti o Waitangi?
The English text ceded absolute sovereignty, while the Maori text ceded kawanatanga (governance).
12
What key principle was established in the 1987 Lands Case (New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General)?
The Treaty creates an enduring partnership requiring the Crown and Maori to act toward each other with utmost good faith.
13
What was Chief Justice Prendergast's ruling regarding the Treaty in Wi Parata (1877)?
He declared the Treaty of Waitangi a 'simple nullity' entered into by tribes lacking civilized international legal capacity.
14
What did the 1976 case Fitzgerald v Muldoon establish regarding executive power?
The Prime Minister and Executive cannot suspend or alter statutes without the consent of Parliament (upholding 1689 Bill of Rights).
15
What was the philosophy of passive resistance at Parihaka led by Te Whiti and Tohu?
Non-violent resistance using ploughing and peaceful obstruction to assert customary land rights against Crown surveyors.
16
What did the New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 accomplish legally?
It formally severed residual UK legislative authority over New Zealand, establishing full domestic constitutional autonomy.
17
What is the legal power of New Zealand courts under Section 4 of the Bill of Rights Act 1990?
Courts cannot strike down or declare invalid any parliamentary statute on the grounds of inconsistency with the Bill of Rights.
18
What is the primary role of the Waitangi Tribunal established in 1975?
A standing commission of inquiry that investigates historical and contemporary Crown breaches of Treaty principles and recommends redress.
19
What did Edmund Gettier demonstrate regarding the classical definition of knowledge?
Justified true belief is insufficient for knowledge because accidental or lucky circumstances can satisfy all three criteria.
20
What is Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative (Formula of Universal Law)?
Act only according to maxims that you could consistently will to become universal moral laws for all rational agents.
21
What is the central criterion of falsifiability proposed by Karl Popper?
A theory is scientific only if it makes risky empirical predictions that could conceivably be refuted by observable evidence.
22
What is David Hume's is-ought problem in moral philosophy?
One cannot logically deduce normative moral obligations (ought) solely from factual descriptive statements (is).
23
What informal fallacy is committed by attacking an opponent's character instead of their argument?
Argumentum ad hominem.
24
What is the straw man fallacy in informal critical argumentation?
Misrepresenting, caricaturing, or exaggerating an opponent's position to make it easier to attack and refute.
25
What does Occam's Razor advise when comparing competing hypotheses?
Among explanations with equal explanatory power, choose the one making the fewest unverified assumptions.
26
What is John Searle's Chinese Room thought experiment intended to prove?
Syntactic symbol manipulation by a computer program does not produce genuine semantic understanding or conscious intentionality.

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