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MCAT: Formulas and Key Concepts

Core biochemistry, physics formulas and psychology and sociology concepts for the MCAT.

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Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis
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1
Rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase-1.
2
Rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase.
3
Net ATP from glycolysis
Two ATP per glucose.
4
Final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
Oxygen.
5
Competitive inhibitor effect
Km increases, Vmax unchanged.
6
Noncompetitive inhibitor effect
Vmax decreases, Km unchanged.
7
Km definition
Substrate concentration at half of Vmax.
8
Henderson-Hasselbalch
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]).
9
Ideal gas law
PV = nRT.
10
Ohm's law
V = IR.
11
Series resistance
R = R1 + R2 + ...
12
Parallel resistance
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...
13
Kinetic energy
KE = (1/2)mv^2.
14
Kinematics: displacement
d = ut + (1/2)at^2.
15
Heat transfer
q = mc(delta T).
16
Lens equation
1/f = 1/do + 1/di.
17
Wave speed
v = f x lambda.
18
Coulomb's law
F = kq1q2 / r^2.
19
Hardy-Weinberg
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 and p + q = 1.
20
Classical conditioning
A neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
21
Positive reinforcement
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
22
Negative reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
23
Positive punishment
Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior.
24
Negative punishment
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
25
Variable ratio schedule
Reward after an unpredictable number of responses; highest steady rate.
26
Piaget's stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.
27
Fundamental attribution error
Overemphasizing personality over situation when explaining others.
28
Self-serving bias
Crediting success to oneself and blaming failure on circumstances.
29
Functionalism
Society as interdependent parts that serve functions.
30
Conflict theory
Society shaped by competition and power between groups.

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