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Medical Admission Core Biology

Essential cell biology, genetics, and organ physiology facts for Bangladesh Medical College Admission Examinations (MBBS/BDS).

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Normal Arterial Blood pH Range

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Normal Arterial Blood pH Range

7.35 to 7.45, tightly regulated by the carbonic acid-bicarbonate (

H_{2} C O_{3} / H C O_{3}^{-}

) buffer system.

Isotonic Normal Saline Concentration

0.9% w/v Sodium Chloride (NaCl) in sterile water, exerting approximately 308 mOsm/L (isosmotic with erythrocyte cytoplasm).

Natural Primary Cardiac Pacemaker

Sinoatrial (SA) Node, situated in the upper wall of the right atrium, firing at 70-80 impulses per minute.

Heart Sound S1 ('lub') vs S2 ('dub') Mechanisms

S1: Closure of atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves at onset of systole. S2: Closure of semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves at onset of diastole.

Dominant Form of Carbon Dioxide Transport in Human Blood

**Bicarbonate ions (

H C O_{3}^{-}

) in plasma, accounting for approximately 70%** of total transport (~23% as carbaminohemoglobin, ~7% dissolved).

Hamburger Phenomenon (Chloride Shift)

Diffusion of **Chloride ions (

C l^{-}

) from plasma into erythrocytes** to maintain electrical neutrality as bicarbonate (

H C O_{3}^{-}

) diffuses out into plasma.

Average Life Span of Human Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Approximately 120 days in peripheral circulation before phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial macrophages in the spleen and liver.

Universal Red Cell Donor vs Universal Recipient

Universal RBC donor: O negative (O-) (lacks A, B, and Rh antigens). Universal RBC recipient: AB positive (AB+) (lacks anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies).

Site and Function of Pulmonary Surfactant

Secreted by Type II alveolar pneumocytes (mainly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine); lowers surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse (atelectasis) during expiration.

Functional Unit of the Human Kidney and Nephron Count

Nephron, approximately 1.0 to 1.2 million per kidney, comprising renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman capsule) and renal tubule.

Major Site of Renal Tubular Reabsorption

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), reabsorbing 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids and approximately 65-70% of filtered water, sodium, and chloride.

Action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH / Vasopressin)

Synthesized in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary; stimulates aquaporin-2 water channel insertion into renal collecting duct apical membranes to conserve water.

Pancreatic Islet Endocrine Cells and Their Secretions

Beta cells: Insulin (lowers blood glucose). Alpha cells: Glucagon (elevates blood glucose). Delta cells: Somatostatin.

Resting Membrane Potential of Human Neurons

-70 millivolts (mV), primarily generated by high resting

K^{+}

permeability and the electrogenic

3 N a^{+} /2 K^{+}

ATPase pump.

Ion Shift During Action Potential Depolarization Phase

Rapid opening of **voltage-gated Sodium (

N a^{+}

) channels**, causing explosive

N a^{+}

influx that drives the membrane potential toward +30 mV.

Fluid Mosaic Model Proposers and Publication Year

Proposed by S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicolson in 1972, describing a dynamic phospholipid bilayer with embedded integral and peripheral proteins.

Ribosome Subunit Sizes in Eukaryotes vs Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic cytosol: 80S (60S large + 40S small). Prokaryotes: 70S (50S large + 30S small).

Meiotic Substage Where Homologous Crossing Over Occurs

Pachytene stage of Prophase I, mediated by the multienzyme recombinase complex exchanging non-sister chromatid segments.

Pitch and Base Pair Separation of Watson-Crick B-DNA

Pitch of one 360-degree helical turn: 3.4 nanometers (34 Angstroms); distance between adjacent base pairs: 0.34 nm (3.4 A) (10 base pairs per turn).

Universal Translation Start Codon and Encoded Amino Acid

AUG, encoding Methionine (or N-formylmethionine in prokaryotes).

The Three Termination (Stop) Codons of the Genetic Code

UAA (ochre), UAG (amber), and UGA (opal).

Classical F2 Dihybrid Phenotypic Ratio vs Complementary Epistasis

Mendelian independent assortment: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1; Complementary gene interaction (duplicate recessive): 9 : 7.

Chromosomal Anomaly of Turner Syndrome vs Klinefelter Syndrome

Turner: 45, XO (monosomy X female). Klinefelter: 47, XXY (aneuploid male with extra X chromosome).

C4 Photosynthetic Pathway Primary CO2 Acceptor and First Product

Primary acceptor in mesophyll: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP); First stable 4-carbon product: Oxaloacetic acid (OAA) (associated with Kranz anatomy).

Primary Organ of Urea Synthesis in Humans

Liver, synthesizing urea from ammonia and

C O_{2}

via the ornithine (urea) cycle (partly mitochondrial, partly cytosolic).

Diagnostic Features of Animal Phylum Chordata

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail present at some stage of development.

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