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World History Major Milestones

Key flashcards on ancient civilizations, empires, revolutions, and major 20th-century geopolitical milestones.

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Cradle of Civilization in Mesopotamia
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1
Cradle of Civilization in Mesopotamia
The fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern Iraq), home to Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon.
2
Earliest Known Form of Writing
Cuneiform, developed by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia c. 3200 BCE on clay tablets.
3
The Code of Hammurabi
A Babylonian legal code dating to c. 1750 BCE, inscribed on a diorite stele based on retributive justice.
4
First Emperor of Unified China
Qin Shi Huang (r. 221-210 BCE), founder of the Qin dynasty who standardized script, weights, and started the Great Wall.
5
Birthplace of Direct Democracy
Classical Athens, Greece, formalized under Cleisthenes c. 508 BCE and flourished under Pericles.
6
First Roman Emperor
Augustus (Octavian), whose reign (27 BCE - 14 CE) marked the transition from Republic to Principate.
7
Magna Carta Signing
Signed in June 1215 at Runnymede by King John of England, establishing that even the monarch is subject to law.
8
Fall of Constantinople
May 29, 1453, when the Ottoman army under Sultan Mehmed II conquered the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
9
The Protestant Reformation Initiation
October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses in Wittenberg, Germany.
10
Outbreak of the French Revolution
July 14, 1789, marked by the Storming of the Bastille prison fortress in Paris.
11
Battle of Waterloo
June 18, 1815, where Napoleon Bonaparte was decisively defeated by Anglo-Allied and Prussian forces.
12
Event Triggering World War I
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.
13
Event Triggering World War II in Europe
The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, prompting Britain and France to declare war.
14
Operation Barbarossa
The Axis invasion of the Soviet Union launched on June 22, 1941, the largest land military operation in history.
15
D-Day (Operation Overlord) Date
June 6, 1944, Allied amphibious landings along the beaches of Normandy, France.
16
Surrender of Nazi Germany (V-E Day)
May 8, 1945, marking the formal end of World War II in Europe.
17
Atomic Bombings of Japan
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945), followed by Japan's surrender on September 2, 1945.
18
Founding of the United Nations
October 24, 1945, when the UN Charter was ratified by the five permanent members and a majority of signatories.
19
Fall of the Berlin Wall
November 9, 1989, precipitating the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc.
20
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
December 26, 1991, following the Belovezha Accords and Alma-Ata Protocol.

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