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Junior Cycle Science Key Facts

52 flashcards covering symbols, units, chemical tests, cell biology, genetics, forces, energy, and ecology for Junior Cycle Science.

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Chemical symbol of sodium and potassium

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Chemical symbol of sodium and potassium

Na and K

Chemical symbol of iron, copper and zinc

Fe, Cu and Zn

SI unit of force

The newton (N)

SI unit of energy

The joule (J)

SI unit of power

The watt (W)

SI unit of pressure

The pascal (Pa)

Density formula

Density = mass

\div

volume

Speed formula

Speed = distance

\div

time

Work done formula

Work done = force

\times

distance moved in the direction of the force

Ohm's law

V = I R

Function of the mitochondria

They release energy by respiration.

Function of chloroplasts

They contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Word equation for photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + water, in light, gives glucose + oxygen.

Word equation for respiration

Glucose + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water + energy.

Test for carbon dioxide

It turns limewater milky.

Test for oxygen

It relights a glowing splint.

Test for hydrogen

It burns with a squeaky pop with a lit splint.

Test for starch

Iodine solution turns blue-black.

Separating sand from water

Filtration

Separating the dyes in an ink

Chromatography

Collecting pure water from salt water

Distillation

Order of the planets from the Sun

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Particles in the nucleus

Protons and neutrons

Charge of a proton, neutron and electron

Positive, none and negative

Where gases enter a leaf

Through the stomata

Vitamin lacking in scurvy

Vitamin C

Vitamin lacking in rickets

Vitamin D

Meaning of producer, consumer and decomposer

A producer makes food, a consumer eats other organisms and a decomposer breaks down dead matter.

Chemical test for carbon dioxide gas

Bubble gas through clear limewater (calcium hydroxide); it turns milky / cloudy white due to calcium carbonate precipitate.

Chemical test for oxygen gas

Introduce a glowing wooden splint into the gas; the splint relights.

Chemical test for hydrogen gas

Hold a lighted splint near the mouth of the test tube; it ignites with a characteristic squeaky 'pop' sound.

Chemical test for the presence of water

Turns dry blue cobalt chloride paper pink; or turns white anhydrous copper(II) sulfate blue.

Biochemical test for starch

Add a few drops of iodine solution; colour changes from yellow-brown to deep blue-black in the presence of starch.

Biochemical test for reducing sugar (glucose)

Add Benedict's solution and heat gently in a water bath; colour changes from blue through green to a brick-red precipitate.

Biochemical test for protein

Add Biuret reagent (sodium hydroxide and dilute copper sulfate); colour changes from pale blue to violet / purple.

The pH scale and indicators

pH 0-6: acidic (turns red litmus blue to red, universal indicator red/orange); pH 7: neutral (green); pH 8-14: alkaline (blue/purple).

Difference between an element, compound and mixture

Element: single type of atom. Compound: two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Mixture: substances physically combined without chemical bonding.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction; the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.

States of matter and particle theory

Solid: closely packed in fixed lattice, vibrate only. Liquid: close together, move past each other. Gas: far apart, rapid random motion with negligible attraction.

Kinetic energy formula

E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}

, where

m

is mass in kg and

v

is velocity in m/s (measured in joules).

Gravitational potential energy formula

E_{p} = m g h

, where

m

is mass in kg,

g

is gravitational acceleration (

9.8 m/s^{2}

), and

h

is height in metres.

Three mechanisms of heat transfer

1. Conduction: through solids by particle vibrations.
2. Convection: through liquids/gases via circulating density currents.
3. Radiation: via infrared electromagnetic waves through vacuum.

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted or transformed from one form to another.

Function of red blood cells

Transport oxygen from lungs to body tissues; biconcave shape increases surface area; contain iron-rich haemoglobin; lack a nucleus.

Function of white blood cells and platelets

White blood cells defend against infection and disease (phagocytes engulf pathogens; lymphocytes produce antibodies). Platelets help blood clot at wounds.

Comparison of arteries, veins and capillaries

Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from heart under high pressure (thick muscular walls). Veins: carry deoxygenated blood to heart (valves, thin walls). Capillaries: microscopic exchange vessels (one cell thick).

Three main layers of the Earth

Crust: outermost thin rocky layer. Mantle: thick semi-molten rock with convection currents. Core: dense central sphere of iron and nickel (outer liquid, inner solid).

Key processes of the hydrological cycle

Evaporation (liquid to vapour), Transpiration (water loss from plant leaves), Condensation (clouds form), and Precipitation (rain, snow, hail).

Renewable versus non-renewable energy sources

Renewable: naturally replenished and inexhaustible (solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal). Non-renewable: finite and depleted by use (coal, oil, natural gas, uranium).

Ecological feeding levels (Trophic levels)

Producers (autotrophs make food via photosynthesis)

\to

Primary consumers (herbivores)

\to

Secondary consumers (carnivores)

\to

Decomposers (bacteria and fungi).

Function of ribosomes and cell membrane

Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Cell membrane: selectively permeable barrier controlling entry and exit of substances.

Differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, large central permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts; animal cells have only a cell membrane and small temporary vacuoles.

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