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Medical Physics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Essential medical optics, electrophysiology, radiation physics, and clinical toxicology for Bangladesh Medical Admission.

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Poiseuille's Law Dependence on Vessel Radius

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Poiseuille's Law Dependence on Vessel Radius

Volumetric blood flow rate

Q

is **proportional to radius to the fourth power (

r^{4}

)**: $

Q = \frac{π Δ P r ^{4}}{8 η L}

$. A 50% lumen narrowing cuts flow by 16-fold.

Korotkoff Sounds Origin in Blood Pressure Auscultation

Turbulent jetting of blood through the partially compressed brachial artery beneath the sphygmomanometer cuff.

Reynolds Number Threshold for Turbulent Blood Flow

Re = \frac{ρ v d}{η}

$. Flow is laminar when $\text{Re} < 2000$; turbulence and audible bruits/murmurs arise when **$\text{Re} > 2000-3000$**.

Ultrasound Frequency Range in Medical Diagnostic Sonography

Sound above human hearing (>20 kHz); clinical abdominal and vascular transducers operate between 2.0 MHz and 15.0 MHz.

Physical Principle of Ultrasound Transducer Probes

Piezoelectric effect, where lead zirconate titanate (PZT) crystals interconvert electrical voltage pulses and mechanical acoustic waves.

Acoustic Impedance Formula and Unit

Z = ρ \times v

$ (tissue density multiplied by speed of sound in tissue), measured in Rayls ($kg / (m^2 s)$). Governs boundary echo reflection.

Doppler Ultrasound Blood Velocity Equation

Δ f = \frac{2 f _{0} v c o s θ}{c}

, w h er e

\Delta f$ is frequency shift, $v$ is blood velocity, and $\theta$ is insonation angle.

Refractive Power of the Human Cornea vs Crystalline Lens

Total eye power: ~+60 Diopters. Cornea provides +40 to +44 D (~70%); Lens provides +15 to +20 D with dynamic accommodation.

Myopia vs Hypermetropia Refractive Defect and Corrective Lenses

Myopia (image in front of retina): Concave (diverging) lens. Hypermetropia (image behind retina): Convex (converging) lens.

Correction for Astigmatism

Cylindrical lens, which refracts light differentially along specific orthogonal meridians to correct asymmetrical corneal curvature.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waveforms and Corresponding Events

P wave: Atrial depolarization. QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization. T wave: Ventricular repolarization.

Mechanism of Action of External Defibrillation

Delivers a high-energy DC electric shock that simultaneously depolarizes all myocardium, halting chaotic fibrillation and enabling SA node resumption.

Physical Basis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Precession and radiofrequency resonance relaxation of **hydrogen nucleus protons (

^{1} H

)** in a strong external static magnetic field.

Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical for SPECT Scans

**Technetium-99m (

^{99 m} T c

)**, half-life 6 hours, emitting clean 140 keV gamma rays with minimal tissue radiation dose.

Radioactive Isotope for Thyroid Carcinoma Ablation

**Iodine-131 (

^{131} I

)**, concentrated by thyroid follicular cells, emitting targeted tissue-destroying beta particles (half-life ~8 days).

Mechanism of Bremsstrahlung Radiation in X-Ray Tubes

Rapid deceleration of high-speed cathode electrons in the nuclear electrostatic field of the rotating tungsten target anode.

Radiopacity Hierarchy on Chest Radiographs (Darkest to Brightest)

Air (black) -> Fat (dark gray) -> Soft tissue/water (light gray) -> Bone (white) -> Metal (bright radiopaque white).

Positron Annihilation in PET Imaging

Positron (

e^{+}

) collides with electron (

e^{-}

), annihilating into two 511 keV gamma photons flying apart at 180 degrees.

SI Units of Radiation: Absorbed Dose vs Equivalent Biological Dose

Absorbed physical dose: Gray (Gy, 1 J/kg). Equivalent biological dose: Sievert (Sv, dose x weighting factor).

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau in Radiotherapy

Cellular radiosensitivity is directly proportional to mitotic reproductive rate and inversely proportional to degree of cellular differentiation.

Arterial PO2 vs Alveolar PO2 Values

Atmospheric dry air

P O_{2}

: ~160 mmHg; Alveolar gas

P O_{2}

: ~104 mmHg (diluted by water vapor 47 mmHg and alveolar

C O_{2}

40 mmHg).

Pathology of Decompression Sickness (The Bends)

Rapid ambient depressurization forces dissolved **Nitrogen gas (

N_{2}

)** out of solution into microbubbles occluding capillaries and joint tissues.

Chemical Antidote for Acute Lead Poisoning

**Calcium Disodium EDTA (

C a N a_{2} -EDTA

)**, chelating

P b^{2 +}

into an inert water-soluble complex excreted in urine.

Antidote for Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Overdose

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), replenishing hepatic glutathione reserves to neutralize the toxic reactive metabolite NAPQI.

Most Common Composition of Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)

**Calcium oxalate (

C a C_{2} O_{4}

), accounting for roughly 75% to 80%** of all clinical urinary calculi, radiopaque on X-rays.

Chemical Name of Aspirin and Synthesis Precursor

Acetylsalicylic acid, synthesized by esterification of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride in the presence of acid catalyst.

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