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52 cardsMedical Entrance Exam (University of Iceland)

Medical Entrance: Chem & Physics Facts

52 flashcards on organic chemistry, equilibrium, thermodynamics, electrostatics, circuits, and wave mechanics for the Icelandic medical entrance exam.

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pH of a neutral solution

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pH of a neutral solution

pH formula

- lo g [H^{+}]

Molar volume of a gas at STP

22.4 litres

Moles from mass

mass / molar mass

Functional group of alcohols

Hydroxyl, -OH

Functional group of carboxylic acids

Carboxyl, -COOH

Functional group of amines

-NH2

Hybridisation of carbon in ethene

sp2

Shape of the water molecule

Bent

Strongest intermolecular force in water

Hydrogen bonding

Effect of a catalyst

Lowers the activation energy

Oxidation state of nitrogen in nitric acid

Most electronegative element

Fluorine

Group of the halogens

Group 17

Group of the noble gases

Group 18

Buffer example

A weak acid with its conjugate base

Reducing sugar example

Glucose

Cross-link between two cysteine residues

Disulfide bridge

Bond joining amino acids

Peptide bond

SI unit of power

Watt

SI unit of pressure

Pascal

SI unit of resistance

Ohm

Ohm's law

V = I R

Kinetic energy

\frac{1}{2} m v^{2}

Resistors in series

Resistances add

Speed of light in vacuum

3 \times 1 0^{8}

m/s

Most penetrating radiation

Gamma rays

Most ionising radiation

Alpha particles

After two half-lives remains

One quarter

Imaging technique using sound

Ultrasound

Ideal Gas Law equation

P V = n R T

, where

P

is pressure,

V

is volume,

n

is moles,

R = 8.314 J/(mol \cdot K)

0.0821 L \cdot atm/(mol \cdot K)

, and

T

is temperature in kelvin.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Δ U = Q - W

, the change in internal energy equals heat added to the system minus work done by the system.

Gibbs Free Energy equation

Δ G = Δ H - T Δ S

. A process is spontaneous at constant temperature and pressure if

Δ G < 0

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffer pH

pH = p K_{a} + lo g (\frac{[ A ^{-} ]}{[ HA ]})

, calculating pH of weak acid and conjugate base buffer mixtures.

Brønsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases

An acid is a proton (

H^{+}

) donor; a base is a proton acceptor.

Lewis definition of acids and bases

An acid is an electron-pair acceptor; a base is an electron-pair donor.

Equilibrium constant expression for

a A + b B ⇌ c C + d D

K_{e q} = \frac{[ C ] ^{c} [ D ] ^{d}}{[ A ] ^{a} [ B ] ^{b}}

, evaluated at equilibrium; pure solids and liquids are omitted.

Hess's Law of heat summation

The total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the pathway taken from initial reactants to final products:

Δ H^{\circ} = \sum Δ H_{f}^{\circ} (products) - \sum Δ H_{f}^{\circ} (reactants)

Chiral carbon atom definition

A carbon atom bonded to four chemically distinct atoms or groups, creating non-superimposable mirror image enantiomers.

Enantiomers vs diastereomers

Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images with identical physical properties except optical rotation; diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images.

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

F = G \frac{m _{1} m _{2}}{r ^{2}}

, where

G = 6.674 \times 1 0^{- 11} N \cdot m^{2} / kg^{2}

Coulomb's Law of electrostatic force

F = k \frac{∣ q _{1} q _{2} ∣}{r ^{2}}

, where

k = \frac{1}{4 π ε _{0}} \approx 8.99 \times 1 0^{9} N \cdot m^{2} / C^{2}

Electric current definition and units

I = \frac{Δ Q}{Δ t}

, measured in amperes (A), where

1 A = 1 C/s

Electrical power in resistive circuits

P = I V = I^{2} R = \frac{V ^{2}}{R}

, measured in watts (W).

Equivalent resistance for resistors in series

R_{e q} = R_{1} + R_{2} + \dots + R_{n}

, same current flows through each resistor.

Equivalent resistance for resistors in parallel

\frac{1}{R _{e q}} = \frac{1}{R _{1}} + \frac{1}{R _{2}} + \dots + \frac{1}{R _{n}}

, same voltage drop across each branch.

Mechanical work formula

W = F d cos θ

, where

F

is force magnitude,

d

is displacement, and

θ

is the angle between force and displacement vectors.

Linear momentum definition

p = m v

, a vector quantity measured in

kg \cdot m/s

Impulse-momentum theorem

J = F_{n e t} Δ t = Δ p

, impulse equals the change in momentum.

Doppler effect for sound waves

Observed frequency increases when source and observer move towards each other; observed frequency decreases when they move apart.

Wave equation relating speed, frequency and wavelength

v = f λ

, where

v

is wave speed (m/s),

f

is frequency (Hz), and

λ

is wavelength (m).

Snell's Law of Refraction

n_{1} sin θ_{1} = n_{2} sin θ_{2}

, where

n

is refractive index and

θ

is angle to the normal.

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