Read the passage and identify the primary conservation strategy advocated:

"Fortress conservation models that evict indigenous communities from ancestral forests to create pristine wildlife reserves frequently fail. Poaching flourishes when local inhabitants are criminalized. Conversely, community-based conservation that grants indigenous groups co-management rights and ecotourism revenue shares achieves significantly lower deforestation rates."

The author advocates for:

Answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. co-management partnerships that empower indigenous communities economically

  1. Step 1: Compare the models: the author critiques 'fortress conservation' that evicts communities, and champions 'community-based conservation that grants indigenous groups co-management rights and ecotourism revenue shares'.
  2. Step 2: The advocated strategy is cooperative community co-management linked with local economic empowerment.
Answer
co-management partnerships that empower indigenous communities economically.
Why not the others: 'militarized eviction of all human populations from protected forest reserves' describes the failed fortress model rejected by the author; 'the complete abolition of all environmental national parks and sanctuaries' is not advocated; 'unregulated commercial clear-cutting across all indigenous tribal lands' promotes deforestation rather than conservation.

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