Read the passage below and answer the question:
"Grid-scale energy storage is the linchpin of deep decarbonization. While lithium-ion batteries excel at short-duration frequency regulation (two to four hours), long-duration storage (days or weeks of seasonal lull) demands alternative technologies such as pumped hydro storage, compressed air, or redox flow batteries that decouple power capacity from energy storage volume."
According to the passage, why are alternative storage systems needed alongside lithium-ion batteries?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. long-duration seasonal storage requires technologies that decouple capacity from volume
- Step 1: Locate the comparative limitation: lithium-ion handles short duration (2-4 hours), but 'long-duration storage... demands alternative technologies... that decouple power capacity from energy storage volume'.
- Step 2: Alternative systems are necessary to provide cost-effective multiday and seasonal storage.
Answer
long-duration seasonal storage requires technologies that decouple capacity from volume.
Why not the others: 'lithium-ion batteries are chemically incapable of discharging electricity into grids' is false as the text acknowledges they excel at short-duration grid regulation; 'pumped hydro storage generates zero friction and costs nothing to construct' is engineering nonsense; 'compressed air energy systems can only operate in Arctic marine environments' is unsupported.
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