Downstream processing in biotechnology encompasses which key sequential stages following completion of the biosynthetic fermentation phase?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: D. Separation, purification, preservative formulation, and clinical quality testing
- Step 1: The production of biological products involves upstream processing (cloning, cell growth, and fermentation) and downstream processing.
- Step 2: Downstream processing refers to the series of physical and chemical operations that recover the product from the broth, including cell filtration, centrifugation, extraction, and chromatography (separation and purification).
- Step 3: The purified biomolecule is formulated with suitable preservatives and subjected to strict quality control and clinical safety testing prior to commercial release.
Answer
Separation and purification of the desired product, followed by formulation with preservatives and quality control testing.
Why not the others: Transformation and plasmid isolation are upstream genetic engineering steps; PCR and restriction digests are upstream molecular cloning tools; Blue-white screening is transformant selection.
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