Which major constitutional reform enacted between 1999 and 2002 transformed Indonesia's system of governance from an MPR-centric regime into a presidential system with checks and balances?
Answer and explanation
Correct answer: B. Four Amendments of the 1945 Constitution (Amandemen UUD 1945)
- Step 1: Across four annual sessions from 1999 to 2002, the MPR overhauled more than 300% of the original constitutional text. Step 2. The amendments introduced direct elections, separation of powers, the Constitutional Court, human rights protections, and judicial independence while preserving the Preamble and unitary state. Answer: Four Amendments of the 1945 Constitution (Amandemen UUD 1945). Why not the others: The MPR was not abolished, but reformed into a joint assembly of DPR and DPD.
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