State Certificate of Language Proficiency (KPG) English · Critical Reading and Error Analysis

Logical Fallacies and Argument Evaluation

19 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 19 questions

  1. An editorial argues: 'If the city bans cars in the historic center, all retail shops will close, tourists will flee, and the city will become an abandoned ghost town.' Which fallacy is committed?
  2. A politician states: 'We should ignore Professor Vance's economic forecast because he has never run a profitable private business.' What flaw is present?
  3. A corporate executive asserts: 'Either we adopt this artificial intelligence software immediately or our company will face bankruptcy within six months.' Which fallacy is evident?
  4. Consider the claim: 'Crime rates dropped across the metropolis after the new mayor was inaugurated; therefore, the mayor's policies reduced crime.' What fallacy is illustrated?
  5. A critic remarks: 'Proponents of solar energy want us to abandon all modern machinery and return to living in dark caves.' What reasoning error is committed?
  6. A columnist writes: 'Voluntary euthanasia is morally wrong because ending a human life intentionally is ethically impermissible.' What fallacy is present?
  7. A lobbyist asserts: 'Why should we worry about river pollution from our chemical plant when thousands of people are dying in foreign civil wars?' Which fallacy is evident?
  8. A tourist remarks: 'I met two rude taxi drivers in Athens, so Greeks are obviously an inhospitable people.' What fallacy is committed?
  9. A witness argues: 'Every component of this jet engine is lightweight; therefore, the assembled engine must be lightweight.' What fallacy is committed?
  10. A manager argues: 'The corporation has lost five million euros on this software project; we cannot abandon it now, or that money is wasted.' Which fallacy is evident?
  11. Consider the statement: 'The sign said 'Fine for parking here', so it must be fine and acceptable to park my car here.' What flaw is present?
  12. An investor claims: 'A famous Hollywood actor endorsed this cryptocurrency on social media, so it must be a secure investment.' What fallacy is committed?
  13. A gambler remarks: 'The roulette wheel has landed on red six times in a row; black is definitely due on the next spin.' Which fallacy is demonstrated?
  14. An editorial asserts: 'Millions of consumers buy this dietary supplement every month, so it must be medically effective.' What fallacy is present?
  15. A debater argues: 'We cannot trust the findings of this archaeological study because the lead researcher is a devout Jesuit priest.' What fallacy is committed?
  16. A minister asserts: 'Just as a captain must have absolute command over his ship to survive a storm, a prime minister must have unchecked decree powers during an economic crisis.' What flaw is present?
  17. A conspiracy theorist asserts: 'No scientist has ever disproven the existence of subterranean civilizations in Antarctica; therefore, they must exist.' Which fallacy is evident?
  18. A politician argues: 'This prestigious symphony orchestra is the finest in Europe; therefore, every individual violinist in it must be the finest in Europe.' What fallacy is committed?
  19. An analyst states: 'Traditional print newspapers have been published in Athens for two centuries, so we must never replace them with digital platforms.' Which fallacy is evident?

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