All flashcard decksMedical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria) syllabus →
30 cardsMedical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria)

Medical Chemistry and Biomolecules

30 study flashcards reviewing general, inorganic, and organic chemistry principles, reaction mechanisms, and biomolecules for medical university entry.

Start studyingPlay Match
PDF study sheet

Free account needed to save, copy or download. We bring you back here.

1 / 30
0 known
TermClick or press Space to flip
Anomalous ground-state configuration of chromium (Z = 24)
GetMyMockTestQuestion side

Full list

Terms in this deck (30)

Medical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria) mock tests →
1
Anomalous ground-state configuration of chromium (Z = 24)
[Ar] 3d5 4s1 (half-filled 3d subshell provides exchange energy stability).
2
Anomalous ground-state configuration of copper (Z = 29)
[Ar] 3d10 4s1 (completely filled 3d subshell provides enhanced thermodynamic stability).
3
Pauli exclusion principle definition
No two electrons in an atom can have the exact same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms).
4
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity
Electrons occupy degenerate orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing up.
5
Most electronegative element on the Pauling scale
Fluorine (Pauling value ~ 4.0), followed by oxygen (~ 3.44), chlorine (~ 3.16), and nitrogen (~ 3.04).
6
VSEPR shape and bond angle of the water molecule
Bent molecular geometry (tetrahedral electron-pair geometry) with an H-O-H bond angle of ~ 104.5 degrees.
7
VSEPR shape and bond angles of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Octahedral geometry with six equivalent F-S-F bond angles of 90 degrees.
8
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP (0 °C, 1 atm)
22.4 liters per mole (22.4 dm3/mol).
9
Gibbs free energy equation and spontaneity criterion
Delta G = Delta H - T * Delta S; a process is spontaneous at constant T and P when Delta G < 0.
10
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffer pH
pH = pKa + log10([conjugate base] / [weak acid]); optimal buffering occurs when pH = pKa.
11
Standard Daniell cell electromotive force (E°cell)
E°cell = E°(cathode) - E°(anode) = +0.34 V - (-0.76 V) = +1.10 V for Zn + Cu2+ -> Zn2+ + Cu.
12
First-order reaction half-life formula
t1/2 = ln 2 / k (approx 0.693 / k); half-life is completely independent of initial reactant concentration.
13
Markovnikov's rule in electrophilic addition
The electrophilic proton adds to the less substituted alkene carbon to produce the more stable carbocation intermediate.
14
Anti-Markovnikov addition of HBr with peroxides
Bromine free radical adds to the terminal carbon to form the more stable secondary carbon radical intermediate.
15
Huckel's rule for aromaticity
A planar, cyclic, fully conjugated ring is aromatic if it contains (4n + 2) pi electrons (where n is a non-negative integer).
16
SN2 versus SN1 mechanism kinetics and stereochemistry
SN2 is one-step bimolecular with complete Walden inversion; SN1 is two-step unimolecular via carbocation with racemization.
17
Zaitsev's rule in base-induced elimination
Elimination predominantly yields the most stable alkene, which is the more substituted alkene.
18
Enantiomers versus diastereomers definition
Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images; diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images.
19
Lucas test reagent and positive result
Concentrated HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2; tertiary alcohols produce immediate turbidity, secondary in 5 min, primary do not react.
20
Tollens' reagent and reaction with aldehydes
Ammoniacal silver nitrate [Ag(NH3)2]+ oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylates while precipitating a metallic silver mirror.
21
Fehling's test observation with aliphatic aldehydes
Reduces blue alkaline Cu2+-tartrate complex to a red-brown precipitate of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).
22
Iodoform (triiodomethane) test requirements
Positive yellow precipitate of CHI3 given by compounds with a methyl carbonyl (CH3-C=O) or methyl carbinol (CH3-CH(OH)-) group.
23
Why phenol is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols
Phenoxide anion is stabilized by resonance delocalization of the negative charge into the aromatic ring.
24
Reactivity order of carboxylic acid derivatives
Acyl chloride > Acid anhydride > Ester > Amide (governed by leaving group ability and carbonyl electrophilicity).
25
Mutarotation in D-glucose solutions
Spontaneous change in optical rotation of alpha- or beta-D-glucose until reaching equilibrium (+52.7°) via the open-chain form.
26
Glycosidic bond linkage in maltose vs cellobiose
Maltose has alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage; cellobiose has beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage between glucose units.
27
Only achiral standard proteinogenic amino acid
Glycine (H2N-CH2-COOH), because its alpha-carbon is bonded to two identical hydrogen atoms.
28
Peptide bond planar nature and partial double bond character
Resonance delocalization between nitrogen lone pair and carbonyl oxygen gives ~40% double bond character and restricts rotation.
29
Watson-Crick base pairing hydrogen bonds in DNA
A pairs with T via 2 hydrogen bonds; G pairs with C via 3 hydrogen bonds (higher GC-content yields higher DNA melting temperature).
30
Competitive versus noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor kinetics
Competitive increases apparent Km with unchanged Vmax; noncompetitive decreases Vmax with unchanged Km.

More Medical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria) practice

Medical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria) mock tests

All Medical University Entrance Examination (Bulgaria) practice →