SPM Malaysia · Science

Safety, Body Coordination, Nervous and Endocrine Systems, and Genetics

35 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 35 questions

  1. Which type of fire extinguisher is specifically designated for extinguishing fires involving live electrical equipment in a laboratory?
  2. What is the correct immediate safety protocol when liquid mercury is spilled from a broken laboratory thermometer?
  3. Which anatomical components constitute the human central nervous system (CNS)?
  4. What is the correct pathway of a nerve impulse during a spinal reflex arc, such as withdrawing a hand from a sharp object?
  5. Which region of the human brain is primarily responsible for coordinating muscular contractions, maintaining bodily balance, and regulating fine motor posture?
  6. Which vital involuntary physiological activities are directly controlled by the medulla oblongata?
  7. Which endocrine gland synthesizes insulin, and what is the primary biochemical effect of this hormone?
  8. Why is the pituitary gland frequently termed the 'master gland' of the human endocrine system?
  9. During an emergency situation triggering a 'fight-or-flight' response, the secretion of adrenaline produces which physiological changes?
  10. A dietary deficiency of which mineral element prevents the normal synthesis of thyroxine, resulting in the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland known as goitre?
  11. When a person becomes dehydrated on a hot day, their blood osmotic pressure rises. Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland to restore water balance?
  12. Which pharmacological category of psychoactive substances acts on the central nervous system to slow down neuronal firing, dull sensory perception, and prolong reaction times?
  13. Which type of eukaryotic cell division preserves the diploid () chromosome complement across generations of somatic daughter cells, ensuring genetic identity?
  14. In the human male reproductive system, where does meiosis occur to generate haploid spermatozoa?
  15. During which specific stage of cell division does genetic recombination via crossing over between non-sister chromatids take place?
  16. What is the fundamental evolutionary and biological significance of crossing over during meiosis?
  17. In pea plants, the allele for tall stem () is completely dominant over the allele for dwarf stem (). What is the expected phenotypic ratio among offspring resulting from a monohybrid cross betwe…
  18. From the same cross between two heterozygous plants (), what is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?
  19. How many pairs of autosomes and how many sex chromosomes are present in a normal human diploid somatic cell?
  20. Which pair of sex chromosomes is present in a normal human biological male?
  21. Down syndrome is a human chromosomal abnormality resulting from non-disjunction during gametogenesis. What is the specific genetic cause?
  22. What is the chromosomal composition of an individual diagnosed with Turner syndrome?
  23. What is the sex chromosome constitution of a male individual affected by Klinefelter syndrome?
  24. Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive inherited blood disorder. What is the underlying pathology of this condition?
  25. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a healthy father () and a carrier mother () have a son, what is the probability that this son inherits hemophilia?
  26. Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait. A man with normal color vision () and a woman who is red-green color blind () have a daughter. What will be the daughter's phe…
  27. Which of the following physical agents represents an environmental mutagen capable of breaking DNA strands and inducing gene mutations?
  28. Which of the following human phenotypic traits exhibits continuous variation, characterized by a smooth gradient of intermediate phenotypes influenced by multiple genes and the environment?
  29. Which characteristic is typical of discontinuous variation in living organisms?
  30. In recombinant DNA technology used to commercially synthesize human insulin, which bacterial structure serves as the vector to carry the human insulin gene into host cells?
  31. In Malaysian agricultural biotechnology, the high-yielding commercial oil palm variety Tenera is produced by cross-breeding which two parent varieties?
  32. What is the specific catalytic function of restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) in genetic engineering?
  33. Which enzyme is utilized to catalyze the formation of covalent phosphodiester bonds between sticky ends of a target gene and an opened plasmid vector?
  34. What is the therapeutic mechanism of somatic cell gene therapy?
  35. Which ecological concern is raised by environmental scientists regarding the widespread agricultural planting of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops?

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