Toelatingsexamen Arts & Tandarts België (Medical & Dental Entrance Exam) · Chemistry and Biochemistry

Acid-Base Equilibria, Electrochemistry, and Metabolic Integration

30 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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All 30 questions

  1. What is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate anion (H2PO4-) according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition?
  2. The autoionization of water, 2 H2O(l) <=> H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq), is an endothermic process (ΔH > 0). How does heating pure water from 25 °C to 50 °C affect Kw and the pH of neutral water?
  3. Which acid has the greatest acid strength: Acid A with pKa = 1.8, or Acid B with pKa = 4.7?
  4. According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what is the pH of a buffer solution prepared by mixing 0.10 M acetic acid (CH3COOH, pKa = 4.76) with 0.10 M sodium acetate (CH3COONa)?
  5. Under what condition does an aqueous buffer system exhibit its maximum buffer capacity against added acid or base?
  6. In the physiological bicarbonate blood buffer system (CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-), how does the body immediately compensate for acute metabolic acidosis (excess H+)?
  7. At the half-equivalence point in the titration of a weak monoprotic acid (HA) with a strong base (NaOH), what relationship exists between pH and pKa?
  8. Why is the equivalence point pH greater than 7.0 (alkaline) in the titration of acetic acid (CH3COOH) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)?
  9. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is tested with litmus paper. Why is the solution acidic (pH < 7.0)?
  10. Why does a precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl) dissolve upon the addition of excess aqueous ammonia (NH3)?
  11. During electrolysis of an aqueous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution, a constant electric current of 5.0 A is passed for 1,930 seconds. Given Faraday's constant F ≈ 96,500 C/mol and the molar mass of…
  12. Why is a sacrificial zinc block (galvanization) effective in preventing the oxidative corrosion of an underground steel (iron) pipeline?
  13. What arbitrary reference potential is assigned to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at all temperatures?
  14. What is the primary physiological function of the urea cycle in the human liver?
  15. Which vitamin-derived cofactor is required by aminotransferases (transaminases, such as AST and ALT) to transfer amino groups between amino acids and alpha-keto acids?
  16. Which allosteric molecule is the most potent physiological activator of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase-1 (FBPase-1) in the liver?
  17. Which plasma lipoprotein particle is responsible for 'reverse cholesterol transport', removing excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and delivering it to the liver?
  18. What is the primary intracellular role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in human erythrocytes?
  19. Which antioxidant enzyme catalyzes the dismutation of cytotoxic superoxide free radicals (O2•-) into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide?
  20. Why is the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP -> ADP + Pi) highly exergonic under physiological conditions (ΔG°' ≈ -30.5 kJ/mol)?
  21. Which thermodynamic parameter becomes equal to zero when a reversible chemical system reaches chemical equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure?
  22. What is the oxidation number of manganese in the permanganate anion, MnO4-?
  23. Which intermolecular force is solely responsible for liquefying non-polar noble gases (such as helium and argon) at very low temperatures?
  24. What is the molar concentration of pure liquid water at 25 °C (density = 1.00 g/mL, molar mass = 18.02 g/mol)?
  25. In an exergonic reaction pathway, how does an increase in temperature affect the rate constant k according to the Arrhenius equation (k = A e^(-Ea/RT))?
  26. Which property defines an amphoteric substance in acid-base chemistry?
  27. What is the structural difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
  28. How many moles of ATP are directly generated by substrate-level phosphorylation during one complete turn of the citric acid cycle?
  29. Which reaction represents an example of a disproportionation (dismutation) redox reaction?
  30. What is the primary role of carnitine in eukaryotic cellular metabolism?

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