Toelatingsexamen Arts & Tandarts België (Medical & Dental Entrance Exam) · Biology and Life Sciences

Human Physiology: Neurobiology, Endocrinology, and Organ Systems

35 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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All 35 questions

  1. What primarily maintains the negative resting membrane potential of approximately -70 mV in human neurons?
  2. What immediate ionic event triggers the rapid depolarisation phase of a neuronal action potential once the threshold potential is reached?
  3. Why is it physiologically impossible to elicit a second action potential in a neuron during the absolute refractory period?
  4. What structural feature enables saltatory conduction along myelinated axons in the peripheral nervous system?
  5. At a chemical synapse, what directly triggers the exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft?
  6. How is the action of acetylcholine terminated at the neuromuscular junction?
  7. Which primary neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons onto vascular smooth muscle to mediate vasoconstriction?
  8. Which component of a standard somatic reflex arc is responsible for transmitting action potentials from the central nervous system to the peripheral effector muscle?
  9. How do lipophilic steroid hormones primarily exert their biological effects on target cells?
  10. Which two hormones are synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?
  11. How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin) increase water reabsorption in the kidney?
  12. Which physiological effect is directly stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to hypocalcemia?
  13. How does insulin facilitate glucose entry into skeletal muscle fibers and adipocytes?
  14. Which hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex acts on the distal nephron to promote sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion?
  15. What enzymatic reaction is directly catalyzed by renin in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
  16. In the human cardiac conduction system, which structure possesses the highest intrinsic pacemaker discharge rate and serves as the primary cardiac pacemaker?
  17. On a standard surface electrocardiogram (ECG), what physiological event is represented by the QRS complex?
  18. What hemodynamic event produces the first heart sound (S1, 'lub') heard on cardiac auscultation?
  19. An adult has a resting heart rate of 75 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat. What is this individual's total cardiac output?
  20. What is the basis of the Frank-Starling law of the heart?
  21. According to the Starling equation for capillary fluid filtration, which change will favor the net movement of fluid from the capillary lumen into the interstitial space (edema formation)?
  22. Why does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve display a characteristic sigmoidal (S-shaped) profile?
  23. Which physiological condition shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right (the Bohr effect), facilitating oxygen delivery to working skeletal muscle?
  24. How is the vast majority of carbon dioxide transported from peripheral tissues to the lungs in human blood?
  25. What provides the primary chemical drive for normal involuntary ventilation in healthy humans under resting conditions?
  26. What mechanical process drives normal quiet expiration at rest?
  27. What is the functional role of pulmonary surfactant secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells?
  28. In which segment of the human nephron is the majority of filtered water and sodium chloride reabsorbed isotonically?
  29. Which distinctive permeability property of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle enables countercurrent multiplication in the renal medulla?
  30. Which cell type in the innate immune system is specialized for recognizing and destroying virus-infected cells or tumor cells that lack surface Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC I) molecul…
  31. Which immunoglobulin isotype is the predominant antibody found in external mucosal secretions such as saliva, colostrum, and gastrointestinal mucus?
  32. During skeletal muscle contraction, what happens immediately when ATP binds to the myosin head?
  33. What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in initiating skeletal muscle fiber contraction?
  34. Which digestive enzyme is secreted as an inactive zymogen by gastric chief cells and activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach lumen?
  35. What is the primary physiological function of bile salts in lipid digestion within the duodenum?

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