Turkish History and Culture

Tr History And Culture

325 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 325 questions

  1. Complete the sentence about Hittites with the correct year: Modern interest in the Hittites increased with the founding of the Republic of Turkey in ______.
  2. Complete the sentence about Hittites with the correct year: French scholar Charles Texier found the first Hittite ruins in ______ but did not identify them as such.
  3. Complete the sentence about Byzantine Empire with the correct year: Having survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottom…
  4. Complete the sentence about Byzantine Empire with the correct year: Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in ______, the reconstituted empire wielded only regional power during its final two…
  5. Complete the sentence about Constantinople with the correct year: Constantinople, the modern Istanbul, was the capital of the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire from 330 until its takeover by the Ottom…
  6. Complete the sentence about Constantinople with the correct year: After this, it continued to function as the Ottoman capital until the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate in ______.
  7. Complete the sentence about Constantinople with the correct year: With the advent of the Ottoman Empire in ______, the empire's territories dwindled, and the city began to lose population.
  8. Complete the sentence about Constantinople with the correct year: The city was finally besieged and conquered by the Ottoman Empire in ______.
  9. Complete the sentence about Fall of Constantinople with the correct year: In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once: the Sack of Constantinopl…
  10. Complete the sentence about Fall of Constantinople with the correct year: The Nicaeans eventually reconquered Constantinople from the Latins in ______, reestablishing the Byzantine Empire under the Pa…
  11. Complete the sentence about Mehmed the Conqueror with the correct year: Upon his restoration to the throne in ______, he strengthened the Ottoman Navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople.
  12. Complete the sentence about Mehmed the Conqueror with the correct year: In ______, at the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople and effectively brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.
  13. Complete the sentence about Mehmed the Conqueror with the correct year: Mehmed II was born on 30 March ______, in Edirne, then the capital city of the Ottoman Empire.
  14. Complete the sentence about Seljuk Empire with the correct year: In ______, the Seljuk Empire suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Qatwan against the Western Liao dynasty, resulting in the l…
  15. Complete the sentence about Seljuk Empire with the correct year: The Seljuks were eventually supplanted in the east by the Khwarazmian Empire in ______ and in the west by the Zengids and Ayyubids.
  16. Complete the sentence about Seljuk Empire with the correct year: The last surviving Seljuk sultanate to fall was the Sultanate of Rum, in ______.
  17. Complete the sentence about Seljuk Empire with the correct year: Around ______, Tughril and Chaghri were soundly defeated by the Oghuz Yabghu Ali Tegin and his allies, forcing them to escape from Tran…
  18. Complete the sentence about Seljuk Empire with the correct year: When Harun was assassinated by Ghaznavid agents in ______, they again had to flee, this time heading south across the Karakum Desert.
  19. Complete the sentence about Sultanate of Rum with the correct year: The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in ______.
  20. Complete the sentence about Sultanate of Rum with the correct year: The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the ______ Battle of Köse Dağ.
  21. Complete the sentence about Sultanate of Rum with the correct year: The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in ______.
  22. Complete the sentence about Battle of Manzikert with the correct year: In ______, Romanos IV Diogenes took power and, after some military reforms, conducted two major campaigns to combat the Seljuks a…
  23. Complete the sentence about Ottoman Empire with the correct year: The empire emerged from a beylik, or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in c. ______ by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I…
  24. Complete the sentence about Ottoman Empire with the correct year: The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in ______ by Mehmed II.
  25. Complete the sentence about Osman I with the correct year: Then, the Kayı clan moved towards eastern Anatolia after ______, where it displaced other Turkic clans.
  26. Complete the sentence about Suleiman the Magnificent with the correct year: Upon Suleiman's death in ______, he was succeeded by his and Hürrem's son Selim II.
  27. Complete the sentence about Suleiman the Magnificent with the correct year: Upon succeeding his father, Suleiman began a series of military conquests, eventually leading to a revolt led by the Ottoman…
  28. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: In ______ at the age of nine, he was sent by his grandfather to Istanbul to be circumcised along with his brothers.
  29. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: In ______, his grandfather Mehmed II died and his father became Sultan Bayezid II.
  30. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: Six years later in ______, he was sent by his father to Trabzon to serve there as governor.
  31. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: In ______, the Safavids under the command of Shah Ismail organized an expedition against Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt of Dulkadir.
  32. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: Following his victory over the Safavid Army at Erzincan in ______, in the following year, Selim organized an attack against Georgia.
  33. Complete the sentence about Selim I with the correct year: In ______, as a response to Selim's invasion of Georgia, Shah Ismail I sent another army to Trabzon.
  34. Complete the sentence about Murad I with the correct year: In ______, the important Bulgarian city Sofia fell to the Ottomans.
  35. Complete the sentence about Murad I with the correct year: In ______, Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik.
  36. Complete the sentence about Murad I with the correct year: In ______, Murad's army fought the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo.
  37. Complete the sentence about Abdul Hamid II with the correct year: Of the many assassination attempts during Abdul Hamid's reign, one of the most famous is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's Yıldı…
  38. Complete the sentence about Abdul Hamid II with the correct year: In ______, the Committee of Union and Progress forced him to recall parliament and reinstate the constitution in the Young Turk Revolu…
  39. Complete the sentence about Abdul Hamid II with the correct year: Hamid Efendi was born on 21 September ______ either in Çırağan Palace, Ortaköy, or at Topkapı Palace, both in Constantinople.
  40. Complete the sentence about Mehmed VI with the correct year: On 29 October ______, the Republic of Turkey was declared with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its first president, ending the Ottoman monarchy.
  41. Complete the sentence about Mehmed VI with the correct year: Mehmed VI died in exile in ______ in San Remo, Italy, having never acknowledged his deposition.
  42. Complete the sentence about Janissary with the correct year: The corps was established under either Orhan or Murad I, and dismantled by Mahmud II in ______.
  43. Complete the sentence about Tanzimat with the correct year: Mahmud II was a reform minded Sultan, but followed the lead of the conservatives until he could make his move in the Auspicious Incident in…
  44. Complete the sentence about Tanzimat with the correct year: By ______ the Sublime Porte signed the Treaty of Balta Liman, with Britain, dismantling Ottoman trade monopolies and flooded markets with Eu…
  45. Complete the sentence about Tanzimat with the correct year: On 1 July ______, Mahmud II suddenly died and was succeeded by his son Abdul Mejid I.
  46. Complete the sentence about Tanzimat with the correct year: On November 3, ______, Sultan Abdulmejid I issued a hatt-i sharif, or imperial edict, called the Edict of Gülhane.
  47. Complete the sentence about Young Turks with the correct year: The Unionists, or members of the CUP, prevailed against Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the ______ Young Turk Revolution.
  48. Complete the sentence about Young Turks with the correct year: The Young Turks favoured a reinstatement of the Ottoman Parliament and the ______ constitution, written by the reformist Midhat Pasha.
  49. Complete the sentence about Committee of Union and Progress with the correct year: Atatürk and the Republican People's Party expanded on reforms introduced by Union and Progress and continued one-part…
  50. Complete the sentence about Second Constitutional Era with the correct year: Following the Ottoman surrender in ______, the CUP leadership fled into exile and the Allies occupied Constantinople.
  51. Complete the sentence about Second Constitutional Era with the correct year: Abdulhamid II ascended to the throne in ______ at the height of this period of reform in the Ottoman Empire.
  52. Complete the sentence about Second Constitutional Era with the correct year: The resultant ______ Treaty of Berlin established the independence of many Balkan nations and the loss of the Caucasian vil…
  53. Complete the sentence about Balkan Wars with the correct year: The war set the stage for the July crisis of ______ and was a prelude to the First World War.
  54. Complete the sentence about Gallipoli campaign with the correct year: In March ______, the Allied fleet failed to force a passage through the Dardanelles.
  55. Complete the sentence about Gallipoli campaign with the correct year: An amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula began in April ______.
  56. Complete the sentence about Gallipoli campaign with the correct year: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli, became the founder and first president of the Republic…
  57. Complete the sentence about Armistice of Mudros with the correct year: The Ottoman Parliament was officially disbanded by the Allies on 11 April ______ due to the overwhelming opposition of the Ottoma…
  58. Complete the sentence about Armistice of Mudros with the correct year: The Armistice of Mudros was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July ______, following the Turkish victory in the…
  59. Complete the sentence with the correct year: World War I took a chaotic turn in ______ for the Ottoman Empire.
  60. Complete the sentence about Armistice of Mudros with the correct year: In contrast, in Syria, the Ottomans were steadily pushed back by British forces, culminating in the fall of Damascus in October _…
  61. Complete the sentence about Armistice of Mudros with the correct year: Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha visited Berlin, Germany, and Sofia, Bulgaria in September ______.
  62. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Sèvres with the correct year: The treaty was signed on 10 August ______ in an exhibition room at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres porcelain factory in Sèvres…
  63. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Sèvres with the correct year: The ______ Treaty of Lausanne, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, ended the conflict and saw the establishment of the Republic o…
  64. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Sèvres with the correct year: The Ottoman government formed a commission to edit the proposal, and sent back their recommendations to the Allies powers on 25 June…
  65. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Sèvres with the correct year: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was not a party to the treaty because it had negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk…
  66. Complete the sentence about Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate with the correct year: The Ottoman entry into World War I with the Central Powers occurred on 11 November ______.
  67. Complete the sentence about Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate with the correct year: The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I ended with the signing of the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October ______.
  68. Complete the sentence about Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate with the correct year: The Occupation of Istanbul by British, French and Italian forces occurred on 13 November ______.
  69. Complete the sentence about Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate with the correct year: British troops began to occupy the key buildings of the Empire and arrest nationalists after the establishment of…
  70. Complete the sentence about Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate with the correct year: On 18 March ______ the Ottoman parliament met and sent a protest to the Allies that it was unacceptable to arrest…
  71. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Lausanne with the correct year: The earlier treaty, signed in ______, was later rejected by the Turkish National Movement which actively opposed its terms.
  72. Complete the sentence about Treaty of Lausanne with the correct year: As a result of Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, Turkish forces recaptured İzmir, and the Armistice of Mudanya was signed in…
  73. Complete the sentence about Republic of Turkey with the correct year: The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in ______, when it disintegrated into Turkish principalities.
  74. Complete the sentence about Republic of Turkey with the correct year: Beginning in ______, the Ottomans united the principalities and expanded.
  75. Complete the sentence about İsmet İnönü with the correct year: Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the ______ Surname Law was adopted.
  76. Complete the sentence about İsmet İnönü with the correct year: Returning to Adrianople following the suppression of the mutiny, İnönü left the CUP in the summer of ______.
  77. Complete the sentence about Atatürk's Reforms with the correct year: The CHP eventually lost the elections to the Democratic Party in ______, bringing the one-party period to an end.
  78. Complete the sentence about Atatürk's Reforms with the correct year: By ______, the constitutional reference to Islam as the state religion had been removed, and the new republic adopted the principle…
  79. Complete the sentence about Turkish alphabet with the correct year: Mandated in ______ as part of Atatürk's Reforms, it is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabet…
  80. Complete the sentence about Turkish alphabet with the correct year: In ______, during an earlier period of reform, the statesman Münuf Pasha advocated a reform of the alphabet.
  81. Complete the sentence about Surname Law with the correct year: Although Turkification of names was planned as early as ______, momentum for the law intensified as part of Atatürk's reforms in the 1930…
  82. Complete the sentence about Surname Law with the correct year: By March ______, a ministerial commission was established to write a first draft bill for the law.
  83. Complete the sentence about Surname Law with the correct year: The draft law was submitted on 11 March ______, arguing that up to then Turkish surnames had been optional, creating disorder.
  84. Complete the sentence about Surname Law with the correct year: The law was debated on 16 June ______ in the Grand National Assembly.
  85. Complete the sentence about Women's suffrage in Turkey with the correct year: The right of women to vote and run in municipal elections was recognized on April 3, ______ with the adoption of the Munic…
  86. Complete the sentence about Women's suffrage in Turkey with the correct year: Women used their political rights for the first time in Municipal elections in ______.
  87. Complete the sentence about Women's suffrage in Turkey with the correct year: Müfide İlhan, who was elected to the Mersin Municipal Council with 27 members in the local elections held on September 3…
  88. Complete the sentence about Adnan Menderes with the correct year: Hailing from a landowning family of Western Anatolia, he began his political career in ______ with the short-lived Liberal Republican…
  89. Complete the sentence about Adnan Menderes with the correct year: During his premiership, Turkey participated in the Korean War and was admitted to NATO in ______.
  90. Complete the sentence about Adnan Menderes with the correct year: In ______, the Turkish parliament passed a law rehabilitating Menderes, Polatkan, and Zorlu.
  91. Complete the sentence about Adnan Menderes with the correct year: Ali Adnan Menderes was born in ______ in Koçarlı, Aydın, to a wealthy landowner of Crimean Tatar origin.
  92. Complete the sentence about 1997 military memorandum with the correct year: On 31 January ______, protests were arranged by the Sincan municipality in Ankara, against Israeli human rights violations t…
  93. Complete the sentence about 1997 military memorandum with the correct year: The Welfare Party was closed by the Constitutional Court of Turkey in ______ for violating the constitution's separation of…
  94. Complete the sentence about Turgut Özal with the correct year: ANAP won a parliamentary majority in the ______ general election and Özal subsequently became the prime minister of Turkey.
  95. Complete the sentence about Süleyman Demirel with the correct year: Claiming that his Justice Party was the successor of the banned Democrat Party, he was re-elected as premier in ______ by winning a…
  96. Complete the sentence about Süleyman Demirel with the correct year: Returning to politics in ______, he assumed the leadership of the True Path Party.
  97. Complete the sentence about Bülent Ecevit with the correct year: Ecevit first became Prime Minister in ______, during which he retracted the ban on cultivation of opium and invaded Cyprus.
  98. Complete the sentence about Bülent Ecevit with the correct year: While heading a caretaker government for the ______ general election, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured in Kenya, allowing DSP to…
  99. Complete the sentence about Necmettin Erbakan with the correct year: After returning to Turkey, Erbakan became lecturer at the Technical University and was appointed professor in ______ at the same un…
  100. Complete the sentence about Necmettin Erbakan with the correct year: After working some time in leading positions in the industry, he switched over to politics, and was elected deputy of Konya in ____…

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