Matura Shtetërore (Albania) · Biology (Matura Shteterore)

Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Human Physiology

56 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

Practise Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Human Physiology now

Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 56 questions

  1. In cell biology, which organelle is responsible for generating the majority of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via aerobic cellular respiration?
  2. In cell biology, what is the primary structural component of the biological cell membrane described by the fluid mosaic model?
  3. In cell biology, where does the process of glycolysis occur within a eukaryotic cell?
  4. In cell biology, which cellular organelle contains hydrolytic acid enzymes designed to degrade worn-out cell parts and engulfed pathogens?
  5. In cell biology, what is the net yield of ATP molecules produced per molecule of glucose solely through the glycolysis stage?
  6. In cell biology, during which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication (synthesis) occur?
  7. In cell biology, during which mitotic stage do sister chromatids separate and get pulled toward opposite poles of the cell?
  8. In cell biology, what is the primary role of the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?
  9. In molecular genetics, which enzyme unwinds and separates the two complementary strands of the DNA double helix during replication?
  10. In molecular genetics, what type of chemical bond links adjacent nucleotides along a single strand of DNA or RNA?
  11. In molecular genetics, which nitrogenous base replaces thymine in ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules?
  12. In molecular genetics, what is the universal start codon that initiates translation in eukaryotic protein synthesis?
  13. In molecular genetics, what is an Okazaki fragment?
  14. In molecular genetics, what type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide insertion shifts the entire triplet reading frame of an mRNA sequence?
  15. In genetics, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the generation of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals () showing complete dominance?
  16. In genetics, what pattern of inheritance is illustrated by the human ABO blood group system?
  17. In genetics, why are X-linked recessive disorders such as red-green color blindness and hemophilia far more prevalent in biological males than females?
  18. In human physiology, what ion flux is primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of a neuronal action potential?
  19. In human physiology, which endocrine organ secretes insulin and glucagon to maintain blood glucose homeostasis?
  20. In human physiology, which hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron?
  21. In human physiology, through which heart valve does deoxygenated blood flow when passing from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk?
  22. In human physiology, what is the primary physiological mechanism by which carbon dioxide () is transported in human blood?
  23. In human physiology, which functional unit of the human kidney is responsible for filtering blood and producing urine?
  24. In human physiology, where in the female reproductive tract does fertilization of the ovum by a sperm cell normally occur?
  25. In human physiology, which blood cells lack a nucleus at maturity and transport oxygen bound to iron-containing hemoglobin molecules?
  26. In ecology, approximately what percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher level in a terrestrial food web?
  27. In ecology, which ecological interaction benefits one species while leaving the other completely unaffected (neither harmed nor helped)?
  28. In ecology, which process carried out by specialized soil bacteria converts atmospheric nitrogen gas () into biological ammonia ()?
  29. In evolutionary biology, what term describes anatomical structures in different species that share a common evolutionary origin despite having different functions?
  30. In evolutionary biology, what is meant by 'allopatric speciation'?
  31. In cell biology, which organelle is responsible for post-translational modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicles?
  32. In cell biology, what is the primary role of the nucleolus located inside the eukaryotic nucleus?
  33. In cell biology, which protein fiber component of the cytoskeleton forms the mitotic spindle during cell division and cilia/flagella axonemes?
  34. In cell biology, what occurs to a normal human red blood cell placed into a strongly hypertonic sodium chloride solution?
  35. In cell biology, how does an enzyme accelerate a biological chemical reaction?
  36. In molecular genetics, what is the function of the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase during translation?
  37. In molecular genetics, what term describes the non-coding sequences of a eukaryotic pre-mRNA that are excised during splicing?
  38. In genetics, what is the term for a cross between an organism of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual?
  39. In genetics, what genetic condition results from trisomy of chromosome 21 in humans?
  40. In human physiology, which section of the human brain controls vital autonomic functions such as breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure?
  41. In human physiology, what is the functional role of myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerve axons?
  42. In human physiology, which digestive enzyme is secreted in active form in saliva and begins the chemical digestion of dietary starch into maltose?
  43. In human physiology, what causes the heart's first sound ('lub') during the cardiac cycle?
  44. In human physiology, which cells in the human immune system produce antigen-specific circulating antibodies (immunoglobulins)?
  45. In human physiology, which hormone stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in bone marrow in response to hypoxia?
  46. In human physiology, what is the role of bile salts produced by hepatocytes in the liver and stored in the gallbladder?
  47. In human physiology, what is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the mammalian nephron?
  48. In human physiology, which mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine () and thyroxine ()?
  49. In human physiology, which hormone promotes calcium deposition into bone matrix and lowers blood calcium levels?
  50. In ecology, what term describes a species that has a disproportionately large impact on its natural environment relative to its abundance?
  51. In ecology, what ecological term designates the predictable sequence of community changes following a disturbance where soil remains intact (such as after a forest fire)?
  52. In ecology, what biological phenomenon occurs when agricultural runoff containing excess nitrates and phosphates causes algal blooms and deep water deoxygenation?
  53. In evolutionary biology, what condition must be met for a biological population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium?
  54. In evolutionary biology, what evolutionary mechanism describes random fluctuations in allele frequencies in small populations due to chance sampling events?
  55. In evolutionary biology, which scientist proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection alongside Charles Darwin in 1858?
  56. In cell biology, which stage of cellular respiration produces the vast majority of NADH and electron carrier coenzymes?

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