University of the Philippines College Admission Test · Science

Biological Sciences, Genetics and Physiology

35 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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All 35 questions

  1. Which cellular organelle is responsible for synthesizing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic cellular respiration?
  2. In Mendelian genetics, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa)?
  3. During which phase of meiosis does crossing over (homologous recombination) occur?
  4. What is the central dogma of molecular biology describing the flow of genetic information?
  5. Which enzyme unzips and unwinds the DNA double helix at the replication fork during semi-conservative DNA replication?
  6. What is the primary function of hemoglobin in human erythrocytes?
  7. In plant physiology, which tissue is responsible for the upward transport of water and dissolved mineral nutrients from roots to leaves?
  8. Which hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells facilitates glucose uptake into somatic cells, lowering blood glucose concentration?
  9. What term describes the evolutionary process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similar adaptive traits due to similar ecological niches?
  10. In human nephrons, where does the majority of selective reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids occur?
  11. What type of ecological relationship exists when an orchid grows harmlessly on the bark of a high tree branch, gaining light access without harming the host?
  12. Which part of the human brain controls vital autonomic involuntary functions such as breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure?
  13. In light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, what is the initial electron donor that undergoes photolysis to release oxygen gas?
  14. If a man with type O blood (genotype ii) marries a woman with heterozygous type A blood (genotype IA i), what are the possible blood types of their offspring?
  15. Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant in human blood serum and is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to provide passive fetal immunity?
  16. What is the primary structural polysaccharide found in the rigid cell walls of terrestrial plants?
  17. What is the basic functional unit of the human nervous system responsible for transmitting electrical nerve impulses?
  18. Which metabolic pathway common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration breaks down one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm?
  19. In an ecosystem, approximately what percentage of chemical energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level (Lindeman's efficiency)?
  20. What term describes chromosomes that fail to separate properly during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis, causing aneuploidy such as Down syndrome?
  21. Which valve prevents the backflow of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium in the human heart?
  22. What is the primary role of tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules during protein synthesis translation at the ribosome?
  23. Which plant hormone promotes cell elongation, apical dominance, and phototropism by migrating toward the shaded side of a growing stem?
  24. What cellular transport mechanism moves ions against their electrochemical concentration gradient using direct ATP hydrolysis, such as the Na+/K+ pump?
  25. In ecology, what is a 'keystone species'?
  26. Which type of connective tissue attaches skeletal muscle to bone in the human musculoskeletal system?
  27. What term describes the programmed, genetically regulated self-destruction of damaged or surplus cells?
  28. Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA but absent in double-stranded DNA?
  29. What is the primary role of the stomata found on the surface of plant leaves?
  30. Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls, consisting of a single endothelial layer, enabling nutrient and gas exchange with tissues?
  31. What evolutionary concept describes sudden rapid bursts of speciation alternating with prolonged periods of evolutionary stasis?
  32. Which digestive enzyme secreted by gastric chief cells initiates the breakdown of dietary proteins in the acidic environment of the human stomach?
  33. What is the genotypic ratio resulting from a test cross between a heterozygous individual (Bb) and a homozygous recessive individual (bb)?
  34. Which hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland stimulates renal water reabsorption by inserting aquaporin channels into collecting ducts?
  35. In plant biology, what phenomenon causes deciduous plants to drop their leaves in response to seasonal cues or stress?

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