EmSAT Achieve (UAE) · Biology

Molecules, Cells and Molecular Genetics

26 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 26 questions

  1. Which cellular organelle is responsible for post-translational modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins into transport vesicles?
  2. During eukaryotic aerobic cellular respiration, which specific stage generates the majority of ATP molecules via chemiosmosis?
  3. How does a competitive enzyme inhibitor affect the kinetic parameters V_max and K_m of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
  4. Which enzyme is directly responsible for synthesizing the new complementary DNA strand during prokaryotic replication by adding deoxynucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction?
  5. If a double-stranded DNA sample contains 28% adenine (A), what percentage of the sample consists of cytosine (C)?
  6. Which of the following events occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane?
  7. What type of gene mutation results when an insertion of a single nucleotide base into a coding sequence alters all downstream codons?
  8. Which structural polysaccharide provides rigidity and mechanical strength to plant cell walls, consisting of unbranched β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between D-glucose units?
  9. During which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
  10. What is the primary role of tRNA molecules during the elongation stage of protein translation?
  11. Which transport mechanism allows a human epithelial cell to transport sodium ions out of the cytoplasm against their steep electrochemical gradient?
  12. What post-transcriptional modification protects eukaryotic mRNA molecules from enzymatic degradation in the cytoplasm and facilitates ribosome binding?
  13. Which level of protein structure is characterized by α-helices and β-pleated sheets stabilized exclusively by hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone?
  14. During human spermatogenesis and oogenesis, what is the key genetic outcome of homologous chromosome crossover during prophase I of meiosis?
  15. Which component of the mammalian plasma membrane prevents membrane rigidity at low temperatures while restricting excessive fluidity at elevated temperatures?
  16. What happens to a red blood cell (erythrocyte) when placed into a hypotonic solution with a solute concentration of 0.05 M NaCl?
  17. Which nitrogenous base is present in ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules but absent in genomic DNA?
  18. In eukaryotic cells, where are ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcripts synthesized and assembled with ribosomal proteins into pre-ribosomal subunits?
  19. What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced directly by substrate-level phosphorylation from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
  20. Which functional group is present at the 5' end of a mature single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide?
  21. What is the primary function of telomeres located at the terminal ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes?
  22. Which metabolic process produces lactic acid in human skeletal muscle cells during prolonged strenuous exercise when oxygen supply becomes insufficient?
  23. Which type of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic nuclei is primarily responsible for transcribing protein-coding genes into messenger RNA (mRNA)?
  24. How does an allosteric inhibitor regulate enzyme activity?
  25. Which cellular junction in animal tissues forms watertight seals between adjacent epithelial cells, preventing intercellular fluid leakage across tissue layers?
  26. During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate at their centromeres and migrate toward opposite poles of the spindle apparatus?

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