Medical College Admission Test (Bangladesh) · Chemistry

Solutions, Chemical Equilibrium and Environmental Toxicology

35 practice questions, each with the answer and an explanation.

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Random questions from this topic, one at a time. You see the answer and the explanation straight after each one.

All 35 questions

  1. What is the physiological osmolarity of human blood plasma (Hard) and isotonic saline solution?
  2. What concentration of aqueous Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution represents isotonic normal saline for intravenous infusion?
  3. What happens to human red blood cells when placed in a severely hypotonic solution (such as distilled water)?
  4. What happens to red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution (such as 5% NaCl)?
  5. What is the normal physiological pH range of arterial human blood in a healthy person?
  6. What is the primary extracellular chemical buffer system that maintains human arterial blood pH?
  7. What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch representation of human blood pH in terms of bicarbonate and dissolved CO2 (pKa = 6.1)? (Hard)
  8. What condition results when hypoventilation causes carbon dioxide retention and blood pH to fall below 7.35?
  9. What condition is induced when hyperventilation (e.g. during acute anxiety or high altitude) causes excessive exhalation of CO2?
  10. What is the van 't Hoff factor i for an ideal completely dissociated Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution?
  11. What is the van 't Hoff factor i for Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) assuming complete electrolytic dissociation?
  12. What is the formula for the elevation in boiling point Delta T_b of a dilute solution containing a non-volatile solute?
  13. What is the formula for the depression in freezing point Delta T_f of a dilute solution containing non-volatile solute?
  14. What is the formula for osmotic pressure Pi of a dilute solution according to the van 't Hoff equation?
  15. What chronic environmental poisoning disease is caused by toxic Cadmium (Cd) ingestion, characterized by painful osteomalacia and renal failure?
  16. Which toxic neurological disorder was caused by industrial discharge of Methylmercury into the bay in Japan in the 1950s?
  17. What chronic skin pathology is classically caused by long-term consumption of Arsenic-contaminated groundwater in Bangladesh?
  18. Which essential biochemical pathway is inhibited by toxic Lead (Pb), leading to microcytic anemia in lead poisoning? (Hard)
  19. What chemical antidote is administered as an intravenous chelating agent for acute Lead (Hard) (Pb) poisoning?
  20. What chemical chelating agent is specifically indicated for acute Arsenic, Mercury, and Gold poisoning? (Hard)
  21. What specific iron-chelating agent is clinically indicated for acute Iron toxicity and chronic iron overload (hemochromatosis)?
  22. What is the antidote for Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) toxic overdose (Hard), functioning by replenishing hepatic Glutathione reserves?
  23. What is the physiological chemical composition of the most common type (approximately 75-80%) of Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)?
  24. Under what urinary pH condition do Uric Acid kidney stones preferentially precipitate?
  25. What type of kidney stones form in alkaline urine secondary to urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria (like Proteus)?
  26. What is Raoult's Law for the relative lowering of vapor pressure in a dilute solution of a non-volatile solute? (Hard)
  27. Which colligative property is most suitable for experimentally determining the molar mass of biological macromolecules like proteins and DNA?
  28. What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures for a mixture of non-reacting gases?
  29. If dry atmospheric air at 760 mmHg contains 21% Oxygen by volume, what is the partial pressure of Oxygen (PO2)?
  30. Why is alveolar PO2 (approximately 104 mmHg) lower than atmospheric PO2 (160 mmHg) in human lungs?
  31. What does Henry's Law state regarding the solubility of a gas in a liquid at constant temperature?
  32. What painful and potentially fatal clinical condition occurs when scuba divers ascend too rapidly, causing dissolved Nitrogen gas to form bubbles in tissues?
  33. How does the solubility of gases in liquids generally vary with increasing temperature?
  34. What is an isotonic intravenous infusion that provides both volume rehydration and energy calories?
  35. What is the effect of administering a severely hypertonic intravenous fluid on brain cells during cerebral edema?

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